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# KADIN

Business Service Desk

## Sitemaps

- [XML Sitemap](https://bsd-kadin.id/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website.

## Posts

- [What Does the Indonesia–South Korea Digital Partnership Mean for Indonesian Businesses?](https://bsd-kadin.id/2026/06/22/what-does-the-indonesia-south-korea-digital-partnership-mean-for-indonesian-businesses/) - On April 1st, 2026, Presidents Prabowo Subianto and Lee Jae-myung elevated Indonesia–South Korea bilateral relations to a "Special Comprehensive Strategic Partnership", the first of its kind between the two countries. Among the 16 MOUs signed at the Blue House summit in Seoul, the Digital Development Cooperation agreement stands out as one of the most consequential
- [Overview of Indonesia’s Investment in 2025](https://bsd-kadin.id/2026/06/04/overview-of-indonesias-investment-in-2025/) - Investment is one of the main pillars in driving national economic growth, particularly in strengthening industrial structures, creating employment opportunities, and enhancing Indonesia’s global competitiveness. In recent years, Indonesia has demonstrated positive investment performance despite global economic challenges, supported by strategic policies such as natural resource downstreaming and improvements in the ease of doing business.
- [What’s Driving the Indonesia–South Korea Beauty and Fashion Industry Forward?](https://bsd-kadin.id/2026/05/11/whats-driving-the-indonesia-south-korea-beauty-and-fashion-industry-forward/) - In collaboration with Coex The South Korean beauty and personal care market in 2025 is valued at approximately USD 13.6 billion to USD 13.9 billion domestically, while the broader K-beauty export market has exceeded USD 10 billion – USD 11 billion, securing its position as the world's second-largest cosmetics exporter after France. Meanwhile, Indonesia's beauty
- [Indonesia's Mining Sector in Brief](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/06/22/indonesias-mining-sector-in-brief/) - The mining sector in Indonesia is making their way up to be one of the potential leading sectors in Indonesia. According to the Institute for Development of Economics and Finance (INDEF), the mining sector is becoming one of the potential sectors from Indonesia, alongside with the increase of the commodity prices from the mining industry.
- [Overview of Automotive Sector in Indonesia](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/05/13/overview-of-automotive-sector-in-indonesia/) - The automotive industry in Indonesia remains to be a promising sector that contributes significantly in boosting the economic growth of the nation. According to the Minister of Industry Republic of Indonesia, Agus Gumiwang Kartasasmita, the automotive industry in Indonesia experienced an extraordinary growth in 2021, with a double-digit growth of 17.82 percent. The absorption of
- [The FMCG Surge Behind Indonesia’s Strengthening Economy](https://bsd-kadin.id/2025/12/12/the-fmcg-surge-behind-indonesias-strengthening-economy/) - Indonesia’s economy has shown a positive trend over the past five years, based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS) data for the third quarter which continues to improve from 2021 to 2025. This trend reflects a more stable recovery, especially after global economic pressures and the post-pandemic period. One of the most consistent drivers of this growth
- [How the Halal Industry Is Becoming the World’s Next Big Economic Opportunity](https://bsd-kadin.id/2025/12/11/how-the-halal-industry-is-becoming-the-worlds-next-big-economic-opportunity/) - Indonesia strengthening its role in the global halal market by expanding exports, driving sustainable product innovation, and upholding clean and ethical production standards Global Muslim Demographics and Market Potential The global Muslim population is estimated at more than 2.05 billion people, representing more than a quarter of the world’s 8.2 billion inhabitants. Islam–the world’s second-largest
- [Indonesia’s International Trade Performance: Resilient Growth and Global Partnerships](https://bsd-kadin.id/2025/10/22/indonesias-international-trade-performance-resilient-growth-and-global-partnerships/) - Indonesia continues to demonstrate remarkable trade resilience, with export values reaching USD 23.44 billion in June 2025, marking an impressive 11.29% year-on-year (YoY) growth. This robust performance is primarily driven by the thriving non-oil and gas sector, which surged to USD 22,33 billion, supported by strong contributions from palm oil, electrical machinery, iron and steel,
- [Indonesia’s Export Performance in the First Semester of 2025](https://bsd-kadin.id/2025/09/30/indonesias-export-performance-in-the-first-semester-of-2025/) - The export sector plays a vital role in driving Indonesia’s economic growth. As reported by Statistics Indonesia (BPS), the country’s export performance between January and June over the past two years shows a fluctuating yet resilient trend. This reflects global challenges while underscoring the strength of Indonesia’s trade sector How Resilient Are Indonesia's Exports? Source:
- [Indonesia's Growth Engine: How AI and Automation Are Fueling Smarter Operations](https://bsd-kadin.id/2025/10/06/indonesias-growth-engine-how-ai-and-automation-are-fueling-smarter-operations/) - In collaboration with Lark For executives in retail, manufacturing, FMCG, and logistics, operational complexity has become the single biggest bottleneck to growth. Fragmented systems, manual processes, and siloed teams are stifling the agility required to capitalize on the nation's robust expansion, forcing a strategic reckoning Transforming Supply Chains for an Agile Future In an era
- [USD 3.5 Billion Market Opportunity in F&B Products between Indonesia and South Korea](https://bsd-kadin.id/2025/08/05/usd-3-5-billion-market-opportunity-in-fb-products-between-indonesia-and-south-korea/) - In collaboration with COEX The economic ties between Indonesia and South Korea have strengthened over the past decade, with bilateral trade reaching USD 20.13 billion in 2024, making South Korea Indonesia’s 8th-largest trading partner. While electronics and automotive dominate, the Food & Beverage (F&B) sector is emerging as a key growth driver, fueled by Korea’s
- [Bridging Innovation: How the Japanese-Indonesian Alliance Is Shaping the Future of Research and Global Talent](https://bsd-kadin.id/2025/07/20/bridging-innovation-how-the-japanese-indonesian-alliance-is-shaping-the-future-of-research-and-global-talent/) - In collaboration with International University of Japan (IUJ) Japan has long been recognized for its excellence in research, technology, and higher education, with institutions consistently ranking among the world’s best. Meanwhile, Indonesia—a rapidly growing economy with a young, tech-savvy population—offers vast opportunities for innovation in sectors like digital transformation, renewable energy, and smart manufacturing The
- [How Indonesia Captures Opportunities in South Korea’s Beauty and Fashion Products](https://bsd-kadin.id/2025/07/13/how-indonesia-captures-opportunities-in-south-koreas-beauty-and-fashion-products/) - In collaboration with COEX South Korea’s beauty industry, valued at USD 13.1 billion (Statista, 2024), dominates global trends with its innovation in skincare, cosmetics, and aesthetic technology. Meanwhile, Indonesia’s beauty market is projected to hit USD 8.5 billion by 2025 (Mintel), driven by a young, digitally savvy consumer base eager for K-beauty’s latest innovations A
- [Sustainable Finance Roadmap: How Do Financial Institutions Navigate the Climate-Aligned Future?](https://bsd-kadin.id/2025/06/28/sustainable-finance-roadmap-how-do-financial-institutions-navigate-the-climate-aligned-future/) - In collaboration with Tembusu Asia Consulting and Evercomm The global financial sector is at a pivotal juncture. With climate change accelerating and regulatory pressures mounting, financial institutions must urgently address their financed emissions—the greenhouse gas emissions tied to their lending and investment portfolios. In Indonesia and across the Asia-Pacific region, this shift is gaining momentum,
- [What Drives Operational Efficiency in Retail Industry?](https://bsd-kadin.id/2025/05/29/what-drives-operational-efficiency-in-retail-industry/) - In collaboration with Lark Operational efficiency is the backbone of high-performing organizations, enabling them to maximize output while minimizing waste. In an era of tightening margins, disruptive technologies, and evolving workforce dynamics, companies must continuously refine their operations to stay competitive Balancing Cost, Speed, and Customer Experience In the fiercely competitive retail, operational efficiency isn’t
- [Empowering Indonesian Organizational Leaders through AI-Driven English Proficiency for Global Excellence](https://bsd-kadin.id/2025/05/18/empowering-indonesian-organizational-leaders-through-ai-driven-english-proficiency-for-global-excellence/) - In collaboration with ELSA Corp The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), digital tools, and emerging technologies has revolutionized the HR landscape, enabling professionals to streamline processes, enhance decision-making, and foster more meaningful employee experiences Unlock new opportunities for talent acquisition, employee engagement, and leadership development Using English as professional attribute will accelerate people to reach
- [Capturing Indonesia's USD 300B Middle Class With Localization](https://bsd-kadin.id/2025/03/29/how-global-brands-can-win-indonesias-usd-300-billion-middle-class-through-smart-localization/) - Forget ‘glocal’—Indonesia’s middle class wants ‘Indo-ized’. The winners will be brands that stop asking ‘How do we adapt?’ and start asking ‘How do we belong?’ The Starbucks Correction - And What Your Company Should Learn From It When Starbucks entered Indonesia in 2002, it brought its global premium coffee experience unchanged. Two decades later, local
- [Standard Certification for Construction Services](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/09/20/standard-certification-for-construction-services/) - Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing No. 8 of 2022 on Procedures for the Implementation of the Fulfilment of Standard Certification for Construction Services in Order to Support Ease of Business Licensing for Construction Service Business Actors Enforcement Date: 1 August 2022 In general, this Regulation addresses various provisions that relate
- [Indonesia’s Carbon Capture Regulations: The Latest Addition To Indonesia’s Evolving Legal Framework](https://bsd-kadin.id/2024/02/12/indonesias-carbon-capture-regulations-the-latest-addition-to-indonesias-evolving-legal-framework/) - Overview In alignment with its commitment to achieving net-zero emissions, Indonesia has set ambitious goals for the application of carbon capture technology. Indonesia is actively pursuing the development of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology with a vision of establishing Indonesia as a regional CCS hub. This initiative is not limited to domestic CO2 capture,
- [Indonesian Publicly Listed Companies and Sustainability Initiatives: Strong or Weak Tendency?](https://bsd-kadin.id/2024/01/15/indonesian-publicly-listed-companies-and-sustainability-initiatives-strong-or-weak-tendency/) - In recent years, Indonesia has made significant efforts to promote sustainable business practices. Many new regulations, such as the Indonesian Financial Authority Regulation Number 51 Year 2017, have been adopted, requiring publicly traded firms to prepare sustainability reports. However, according to the Harvard Business Review (May-June 2021), the act of reporting does not automatically indicate
- [Competition & Anti Trust](https://bsd-kadin.id/2023/10/31/competition-anti-trust/) - KPPU Penalises Parties for Bid Rigging Overview On 17 July 2023 the Indonesia Competition Commission (Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha, KPPU) rendered Decision 17/2022[i] on a tender conspiracy[ii] (bid rigging) allegation case relating to the construction work for the third stage of the Taman Ismail Marzuki revitalisation project (TIM Project S3). By using “indirect evidence”, the KPPU ultimately
- [Online shopping addicts? A brief of Indonesia’s E-commerce Performance](https://bsd-kadin.id/2023/05/19/online-shopping-addicts-a-brief-of-indonesias-e-commerce-performance/) - Writer: Jessica Febriana Digitalization, along with the recent Covid-19 pandemic fosters the use of e-commerce or online commerce globally. Based on Statista Digital Market Outlook (2023), Indonesia’s e-commerce comprised 70.1 million users in 2017 and projected to reach 221 million users in 2025. The users’ interests are mostly dominated by Fashion, Electronics and Beauty, Health,
- [General Granting of Land Rights](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/12/07/general-granting-of-land-rights/) - Decree of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land Agency No. 1339/SK-HK.02/X/2022 of 2022 on the General Granting of Land Rights Enforcement Date: 21 September 2022 Decree No. 1339/SK-HK.02/X/2022 of 2022 on the General Granting of Land Rights (“Decree 1339/2022”) has been issued in order to establish a detailed procedure
- [Mitigation of Tuberculosis Within the Workplace](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/12/07/mitigation-of-tuberculosis-within-the-workplace/) - Regulation of the Minister of Manpower No. 13 of 2022 on the Mitigation of Tuberculosis Within the Workplace Enforcement Date: 22 September 2022 The following parties are required to implement tuberculosis mitigation efforts within the workplace: 1) Employers (i.e. individuals, partnerships or legal entities that): a) Operate self-owned companies; b) Independently operate companies that do
- [Services for the Validation of Foreign Worker Recruitment Plans](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/12/07/services-for-the-validation-of-foreign-worker-recruitment-plans/) - Circular of the Minister of Manpower No. M/4/HK.04/IX/2022 on Services for the Validation of Foreign Worker Recruitment Plans for the Acceleration of a National Economic Recovery Enforcement Date: 30 September 2022 Affirms that employers of foreign workers must secure of Foreign Worker Recruitment Plans (Rencana Penggunaan Tenaga Kerja Asing – “RPTKA”) which must be validated
- [Guidelines for the Implementation of Commodity Balances](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/12/07/guidelines-for-the-implementation-of-commodity-balances/) - Regulation of the Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs No. 16 of 2022 on Guidelines for the Implementation of Commodity Balances Enforcement Date: 6 October 2022 Guidelines for the implementation of commodity balances (“Guidelines”) serve to clarify the implementation of commodity balances and will act as a reference for relevant parties in relation to various matters,
- [Electronic Information System for Immigration Card Facilities](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/12/07/electronic-information-system-for-immigration-card-facilities/) - Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights No. 13 of 2022 on Electronic Information System for Immigration Card Facilities at Immigration Checkpoints Enforcement Date: 28 November 2022 Electronic Information System for Immigration Cards (“EIS-I Cards”) are cards that contain various types of electronic data, specifically personal data, biometric data, photographs, travel records and
- [Immigration Policies to Simplify Bureaucracy and Simplify and Accelerate Stay Permit Services](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/12/06/immigration-policies-to-simplify-bureaucracy-and-simplify-and-accelerate-stay-permit-services/) - Circular of the Director-General of Immigration No. IMI-0702.GR.01.01 of 2022 on Immigration Policies to Simplify Bureaucracy and Simplify and Accelerate Stay Permit Services to Support Policies Aimed at Increasing Foreign Investment in the Country Enforcement Date: 20 September 2022 The heads of immigration offices should: 1) Receive applications for immigration stay permit services that are
- [Development of Renewable Energy for the Supply of Electrical Power](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/12/06/development-of-renewable-energy-for-the-supply-of-electrical-power/) - Regulation of the President No. 112 of 2022 on the Acceleration of the Development of Renewable Energy for the Supply of Electrical Power Enforcement Date: 13 September 2022 In order to effect an energy transition within Indonesian, the termination of the operational periods of coal-fired, steam power plants (pembangkit listrik tenaga uap – “PLTU”) will
- [Objections Within the Customs-and-Excise Sector](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/12/06/objections-within-the-customs-and-excise-sector/) - Regulation of the Minister of Finance No. 136/PMK.04/2022 on the Amendment to Regulation of the Minister of Finance No. 51/PMK.04/2017 on Objections Within the Customs-and-Excise Sector Enforcement Date: 12 September 2022 Objections must be submitted to the Director-General of Customs and Excise (“Director-General”) in writing and electronically through the portal of the Directorate-General (“Portal”) using
- [Public Information Services in Courts](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/12/06/public-information-services-in-courts/) - Decree of the Head of the Supreme Court No. 2-144/KMA/SK/VIII/2022 on Standards for Public Information Services in Courts Enforcement Date: 30 August 2022 Through the issuance of this decree, the provision of public information services will be conducted through: 1) Electronic media via Information and Documentation Services (Layanan Informasi dan Dokumentasi Elektronik – “e-LID”); and
- [Work Competence Certification for Employees Within the Human Resources Management Sector](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/12/06/work-competence-certification-for-employees-within-the-human-resources-management-sector/) - Decree of the Minister of Manpower No. 115 of 2022 on the Mandatory Enforcement of Work Competence Certification for Employees Within the Human Resources Management Sector Enforcement Date: 18 August 2022 The decree addresses the mandatory implementation of work competence certification for employees working within the human resource management (“HRM”) sector. Said mandatory implementation is
- [The Growth of Food Retail in Indonesia](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/10/26/the-growth-of-food-retail-in-indonesia/) - Writer: Charisiotto Van Food retail in Indonesia has proliferated; where according to Statista, the revenue of the food market in Indonesia was up to USD 200 million in 2017 and estimated to reached over of USD 277 million in 2022. In 2020, Indonesia also ranked 4th in the total consumer spending on food & non-alcoholic
- [Examinations of Slips on the Fulfillment of Income-Tax Payment Obligations](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/09/21/examinations-of-slips-on-the-fulfillment-of-income-tax-payment-obligations/) - Regulation of the Director-General of Tax No. PER-08/PJ/2022 on Procedures for Examinations of Slips on the Fulfillment of Income-Tax Payment Obligations for Incomes Deriving from Transfers of Land and/or Building Titles, and Conditional Sales and Purchase Agreements for Land and/or Buildings and Their Amendments Enforcement Date: 14 July 2022 Online applications for formal examinations of
- [Amendment to Regulation on Tax Invoices](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/09/21/amendment-to-regulation-on-tax-invoices/) - Regulation of the Director-General of Taxes No. PER-11/PJ/2022 on the Amendment to Regulation of the Director-General of Taxes No. PER-03/PJ/2022 on Tax Invoices Enforcement Date: 1 September 2022 The Amendment now states that any locations that are listed in taxable goods (barang kena pajak – “BKP”) and/or taxable services (jasa kena pajak – “JKP”) statements and that have been designated as centers for value-added tax
- [Rehabilitation of Forest and Watershed Land](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/09/21/rehabilitation-of-forest-and-watershed-land/) - Regulation of the Minister of Forestry and Environment No. 10 of 2022 on Preparation of General Plans for the Rehabilitation of Forest and Watershed Land and Annual Plans for Forest and Land Rehabilitation Enforcement Date: 22 July 2022 The following parties are required to draw up and determine annual Forest Rehabilitation Plans (Rencana Tahunan Rehabilitasi
- [Stipulation of Exported Goods](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/09/20/stipulation-of-exported-goods/) - Regulation of the Minister of Finance No. 123/PMK.010/2022 on Second Amendment to Regulation of the Minister of Finance No. 39/PMK.010/2022 on the Stipulation of Exported Goods That Are Subject to Export Duty and Export-Duty Tariffs Enforcement Date: 8 August 2022 In essence, the overall reference prices that should now be utilized during determinations of export-duty
- [Electronic Mediation in Courts](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/09/20/electronic-mediation-in-courts/) - Regulation of the Supreme Court No. 3 of 2022 on Electronic Mediation in Courts Enforcement Date: 30 May 2022 Mediation that is conducted through electronic means (“E-Mediation”) can only be initiated if there is mutual agreement between the disputing parties (“Parties”). If such an agreement is reached, then the judges presiding over the dispute will
- [Health Protocols for the Handling of Foot-and-Mouth Disease](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/09/20/health-protocols-for-the-handling-of-foot-and-mouth-disease/) - Circular of the Task Force for the Mitigation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease No. 2 of 2022 on Health Protocols for the Handling of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Enforcement Date: 1 July 2022 Any animals that are considered vulnerable to foot-and-mouth disease [penyakit mulut dan kuku – “PMK”] (“Vulnerable Animals”) may be subject to periodic PMK virus detection measures in
- [Taxpayer Identification Numbers](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/09/20/taxpayer-identification-numbers/) - Regulation of the Minister of Finance No. 112/PMK.03/2022 on Taxpayer Identification Numbers for Individual Taxpayers, Company Taxpayers and Governmental Agency Taxpayers Enforcement Date: 8 July 2022 Starting from 14 July 2022, the following provisions on Taxpayer Identification Numbers (Nomor Pokok Wajib Pajak – “NPWP”) will apply: 1) For individuals who are citizens of Indonesia, Citizenship Identification
- [Tax Incentives for Taxpayers Affected by the Corona Virus Disease 2019  Pandemic](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/09/20/tax-incentives-for-taxpayers-affected-by-the-corona-virus-disease-2019-pandemic/) - Regulation of the Minister of Finance No. 114/PMK.03/2022 on the Amendment to Regulation of the Minister of Finance No. 3/PMK.03/2022 on Tax Incentives for Taxpayers Affected by the Corona Virus Disease 2019 Pandemic Enforcement Date: 11 July 2022 The period for the granting of incentives in the form of exemptions to the collection of Article-22
- [Procedures for the Granting of Additional Incentives](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/09/20/procedures-for-the-granting-of-additional-incentives/) - Regulation of the Director-General of Customs and Excise No. PER-6/BC/2022 on Revocation of Regulation of the Director-General of Customs and Excise No. PER-04/BC/2020 of 2020 on Procedures for the Granting of Additional Incentives to Companies Enjoying Relaxed Facilities for Import and Export Purposes in Order to Mitigate the Impact of the Corona Virus Disease 2019
- [Registration of Private Electronic Systems Providers](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/07/20/registration-of-private-electronic-systems-providers/) - Circular of the Minister of Communication and Informatics No. 3 of 2022 on the Effective Date for the Registration of Private Electronic Systems Providers Enforcement Date: 14 June 2022 Domestic and foreign providers of private electronic systems (penyelenggara sistem elektronik – “PSE”) through the private sector (“Private PSE”) must register with the Ministry of Communication and
- [Guidelines for the Granting of Land Rights in Areas of Water and Land](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/07/20/guidelines-for-the-granting-of-land-rights-in-areas-of-water-and-land/) - Circular of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land Office No. HT.03/757/VI/2022 of 2022 on Implementing Guidelines for the Granting of Land Rights in Areas of Water and Land Enforcement Date: 3 June 2022 The Circular outlines the following procedure for the issuance of land rights over areas of water
- [Types and Tariffs of Urgent Non-Tax State Revenue](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/07/20/types-and-tariffs-of-urgent-non-tax-state-revenue/) - Regulation of the Minister of Finance No. 101/PMK.02/2022 on Types and Tariffs of Urgent Non-Tax State Revenue for Apostille Legalization Services for Public Documents Applicable at the Ministry of Law and Human Rights Enforcement Date: 14 June 2022 The available types of urgent non-tax state revenue (Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak/PNBP) for legal services at the
- [Indonesian Foreign Investments](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/07/20/indonesian-foreign-investments/) - Regulation of the Minister of Foreign Affairs No. 10 of 2022 on the Protection, Facilitation and Recordation of Indonesian Foreign Investments Enforcement Date: 5 April 2022 Indonesian diplomatic and consular representatives working abroad (“Representatives”) must protect Indonesian investors who engage in foreign investments in the following ways: 1) Investment assistance and advocacy; 2) Reports on
- [Granting of Import-Duty Exemptions for the Reimportation of Goods That Have Been Exported](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/07/20/granting-of-import-duty-exemptions-for-the-reimportation-of-goods-that-have-been-exported/) - Regulation of the Director-General of Customs and Excise No. PER-04/BC/2022 on Technical Instructions for the Granting of Import-Duty Exemptions for the Reimportation of Goods That Have Been Exported Enforcement Date: 6 June 2022 If the Service Computer System (Sistem Komputer Pelayanan – “SKP”) is available, then applications for the securing of import-duty exemptions (“Exemptions”) for exported
- [The Global Development of Technology-based Medical Industry in 2022](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/06/09/the-global-development-of-technology-based-medical-industry-in-2022/) - In this modern age, businessmen are require to develop their business towards technology that is practical and fast, one of which is health and social services. In the midst of a pandemic that has occurred in recent years, the role of health services and social activities has become increasingly prioritized. When the national economy contracted
- [Provisions for Indonesia Originating Goods and Provisions for the Issuance of Certificate of Origin](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/06/06/provisions-for-indonesia-originating-goods-and-provisions-for-the-issuance-of-certificate-of-origin/) - Regulation of the Minister of Trade No. 19 of 2022 on Provisions for Indonesia Originating Goods and Provisions for the Issuance of Certificate of Origin for Goods of Indonesia Originating Goods Based on the Preferential Trade Agreement among D-8 Member States Enforcement Date: 29 April 2022 Issued Certificates of Origin (Surat Keterangan Asal - “SKA”)
- [The Adjustment of the Classification of Goods](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/06/06/the-adjustment-of-the-classification-of-goods/) - Regulation of the Minister of Trade No. 23 of 2022 on the Adjustment of the Classification of Goods Affected by Provisions on Import and Export Prohibitions and Restrictions Based on the Goods Classification System Enforcement Date: 28 April 2022 Classifications of goods that will be imported and exported must be undertaken in accordance with the
- [Services for the Checking of Land Certificates and Marking of Land Registration Certificates (SKPT) through Electronic Means](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/06/06/services-for-the-checking-of-land-certificates-and-marking-of-land-registration-certificates-skpt-through-electronic-means/) - Technical Instructions of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land Agency No. 3/JUKNIS-HK.02/IV/2022 of 2022 on Services for the Checking of Land Certificates and Marking of Land Registration Certificates (SKPT) through Electronic Means Enforcement Date: 25 April 2022 The Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land
- [Consumer and General Public Protection Within the Financial Services Sector](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/06/06/consumer-and-general-public-protection-within-the-financial-services-sector/) - Regulation of the Financial Services Authority No. 6/POJK.07/2022 on Consumer and General Public Protection Within the Financial Services Sector Enforcement Date: 18 April 2022 The list of Financial Services Business Actors (Pelaku Usaha Jasa Keuangan – “PUJK”) that are subject to consumer protection provisions has now been expanded to encompass 16 types of PUJK (conventional/sharia),
- [Tax Invoices](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/06/06/tax-invoices/) - Regulation of the Director-General of Taxes No. PER-03/PJ/2022 on Tax Invoices Enforcement Date: 1 April 2022 Taxable entrepreneurs (pengusaha kena pajak – “PKP”) are required to collect value-added tax (pajak pertambahan nilai – “PPN”) and draw up tax invoices in order to prove the collection of PPN in relation to the following activities: 1) Deliveries
- [National Health Security (JKN)](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/04/13/circular-of-the-minister-of-agrarian-affairs-and-spatial-planning-head-of-the-national-land-agency-no-5-se-400-hk-02-ii-2022-on-national-health-security-jkn-participation-during-the-registration-ap/) - Circular of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land Agency No. 5/SE-400.HK.02/II/2022 on National Health Security (JKN) Participation During the Registration Application of Transfer of Land Rights or Apartment Units Ownership Due to the Sales and Purchase Enforcement Date: 1 March 2022 Sets out guidelines that should be used by
- [Regulation of Bank Indonesia](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/04/13/regulation-of-bank-indonesia/) - Regulation of Bank Indonesia No. 24/5/PBI/2022 on Incentives for Banks Providing Funding for Certain and Inclusive Economic Activities Enforcement Date: 1 March 2022 Bank Indonesia (“BI”) is authorized to provide incentives to commercial banks, sharia commercial banks and sharia business units (“Banks”) in form of leniency regarding the obligation to fulfill the average minimum statutory
- [Regulation of the Minister of Industry](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/04/13/regulation-of-the-minister-of-industry/) - Regulation of the Minister of Industry No. 6 of 2022 on Specifications, Development Roadmap, and Conditions of Counting the Value of Domestic Component Level for Domestic Battery-Powered Electric Vehicles (Battery Electric Vehicle) Enforcement Date: 11 March 2022 Calculations of Domestic Component Level (tingkat komponen dalam negeri – “TKDN”) values for the manufacturing and assembly aspects of
- [Financial Service Authorities](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/04/13/financial-service-authorities/) - Circular of the Financial Services Authorities No. 5/SEOJK.05/2022 on Investment-Linked Insurance Products Enforcement Date: 14 March 2022 Insurance companies can only engage in the marketing of unit-link products if they meet the following criteria: 1) Must employ actuaries and investment managers that meet certain criteria; 2) Must provide adequate information systems and resources that support
- [Export Policies and Arrangements](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/04/13/export-policies-and-arrangements/) - Regulation of the Minister of Trade No. 12 of 2022 on the Third Amendment to Regulation of the Minister of Trade No. 19 of 2021 on Export Policies and Arrangements Enforcement Date: 20 March 2022 Amends the legal framework that applies to export activities for crude palm oil (“CPO”) and related derivative products.Removes several provisions that specifically
- [Guidelines on Mining Business License](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/05/09/guidelines-on-the-implementation-of-license-evaluations-and-the-registration-of-any-compositional-changes-upon-mining-business-license/) - Decree of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 78.K/MB.01/MEM.B/2022 on Guidelines on the Implementation of License Evaluations and the Registration of Any Compositional Changes of Shareholders, Directors and/or Commissioners Upon Mining Business License That Were Issued by Governors, Regents/Mayors Prior to the Promulgation of Law No. 3 of 2020 Enforcement Date: 14 April
- [Determination of Import-Duty Tariffs under the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/05/09/determination-of-import-duty-tariffs-under-the-asean-trade-in-goods-agreement/) - Regulation of the Minister of Finance No. 43/PMK.010/2022 on the Determination of Import-Duty Tariffs under the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement Enforcement Date: 1 April 2022 Determines import-duty tariffs for imported goods deriving from ASEAN member countries, specifically Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, The Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam, as agreed under the ASEAN
- [The Stipulation of Exported Goods](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/05/09/the-stipulation-of-exported-goods/) - Regulation of the Minister of Finance No. 39/PMK.010/2022 on the Stipulation of Exported Goods That Are Subject to Export Duty and Export-Duty Tariffs Enforcement Date: 1 April 2022 Export duty is to be imposed upon the following types of exported goods: 1) Leather and wood; 2) Cocoa beans; 3) Palm oil, crude palm oil (“CPO”)
- [Business-Competition Compliance Programs](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/05/09/business-competition-compliance-programs/) - Regulation of the Business Competition Supervisory Commission No. 1 of 2022 on Business-Competition Compliance Programs Enforcement Date: 24 March 2022 Business actors may register their business-competition compliance programs (“Compliance Programs”) with the Chairman of the KPPU, while the KPPU may also relax the imposition of fines upon business actors that have violated Law No. 5 of
- [Protection of Workers/Laborers and Business Continuity in Order to Prevent and Mitigate the Spread of COVID-19](https://bsd-kadin.id/2022/05/09/protection-of-workers-laborers-and-business-continuity-in-order-to-prevent-and-mitigate-the-spread-of-covid-19/) - Circular of the Minister of Manpower No. M/2/HK.04/IV/2022 on Revocation of Circular of the Minister of Manpower No. M/3/HK.04/III/2020 on the Protection of Workers/Laborers and Business Continuity in Order to Prevent and Mitigate the Spread of COVID-19 Enforcement Date: 6 April 2022 Back in 2020, Circular of the Minister of Manpower No. M/3/HK.04/III/2020 on the Protection of Workers/Laborers and Business Continuity

## Pages

- [KADIN Business Service Deck](https://bsd-kadin.id/) - Trusted Deal Source: Access That Matters in Indonesia Kadin Business Service Desk Established in 2009, the Kadin Business Service Desk is a business unit of PT Kamar Dagang Indonesia, the international commercial arm of Kadin Indonesia, acting as the bridge between Indonesian and foreign businesses in trade and investment, facilitating both inward and outward business
- [Lark 2nd Event 2025](https://bsd-kadin.id/smart-operations-forum/) - SMART OPERATIONS FORUM Preparing for 2026: AI and Automation for Smarter Operations Thank you for your interest in the Smart Operations Forum. Please note that participation in this forum is by invitation, and this form is intended for our invited guests. We appreciate your cooperation.
- [Kadin Indonesia & Tokyo SME Business Matching](https://bsd-kadin.id/kadin-indonesia-tokyo-sme/) - REGISTRATION FORM
- [Industrial Update](https://bsd-kadin.id/industrial_update/) - Industrial Update Stay informed with the latest industry insights and updates of Indonesia Search for:Search Button Tags Industrial Update kadinbsd 3 weeks ago What Does the Indonesia–South Korea Digital Partnership Mean for Indonesian Businesses? On April 1st, 2026, Presidents Prabowo Subianto and Lee Jae-myung elevated Indonesia–South Tags Industrial Update kadinbsd 1 month ago Overview of
- [About Kadin BSD](https://bsd-kadin.id/about-bsd/) - KADIN BUSINESS SERVICE DESK International Commercial Arm of Kadin Indonesia We serve as the professional executor for Kadin Indonesia and the primary contact point for foreign businesses and a gateway to Indonesia’s dynamic market Aligned with Kadin Indonesia’s mission and working closely with key business stakeholders, we strive to promote positive change in economic, business,
- [Lead Generation](https://bsd-kadin.id/lead-generation/) - LEAD GENERATION 20+ Countries Assisted in Exclusive Business Forum in Indonesia in the Last 7 Years 250+ Exclusive Business Forums Arranged Across Topics in the Last 7 Years 15,000+ Reputable Attendees in Exclusive Business Forums in the Last 7 Years Let’s Maximize Your Business Visibility with Us! We provide specialized networking opportunities through exclusive high-level
- [Exhibition Support](https://bsd-kadin.id/exhibition-conference-support/) - EXHIBITION SUPPORT 10+ Countries Assisted in Exhibition in the Last 7 Years 30+ Exhibitions Supported in the Last 7 Years 1,500+ Exhibition Visitors Reached in the Last 7 Years Experience the Seamless Exhibition Support with Us! We leverage our extensive network and industry expertise to ensure your exhibition not only meets but exceeds expectations, delivering
- [Business Delegation Arrangement](https://bsd-kadin.id/business-delegation-arrangement/) - BUSINESS DELEGATION ARRANGEMENT 10+ Countries Assisted in Business Delegation Arrangement to Indonesia in the Last 7 Years 50+ Visits Arranged to Businesses, Governments, and Universities in the Last 7 Years 100+ Foreign Delegates Visited Indonesia in Expanding Relations in the Last 7 Years Enhance Your Global Presence with Us! We facilitate more than just connections,
- [Promotion & Advertisement](https://bsd-kadin.id/promotion-and-advertisement/) - PROMOTION & ADVERTISEMENT 20+ Countries Assisted in Promotion and Advertisement in the Last 7 Years 150+ Exclusive Campaign Delivered Across Verified Audiences in the Last 7 Years 75,000+ Reached Extensive Networks Across Indonesia in the Last 7 Years Your One-Stop Market Solution! While entering a market is a tricky move, promoting a mission will always
- [Market Research & Company Background Check](https://bsd-kadin.id/market-research/) - MARKET RESEARCH & COMPANY BACKGROUND CHECK 10+ Countries Assisted in Research Needs for Indonesia in the Last 7 Years 50+ Total Researched Projects Across Business Sectors in the Last 7 Years 4 Stakeholders Involved: Private Sector, Business Associations, Government, and NGOs Discover Unlimited Opportunities in Indonesia with Us! We deliver comprehensive market research and company
- [Business Matching](https://bsd-kadin.id/business-matching/) - BUSINESS MATCHING 30+ Countries Assisted in Business Matching Needs to Indonesia in the Last 7 Years 10,000+ Meetings Arranged, Both Physically and Virtually in the Last 7 Years 75,000+ Reached Extensive Networks Across Indonesia in the Last 7 Years Let’s Find Your Reliable Business Partners with Us! We provide comprehensive service for your business partners
- [Event Management](https://bsd-kadin.id/event-management/) - Event Management The event will be executed in a high-level dialogue format inviting government officials, related association, expert and other relevant stakeholders as the speaker and specific target audience. Afterwards, you just need to follow up the participants to check their interest in your solutions. CONTACT US Description Event Management Ensuring strategic partnerships with key
- [Activities](https://bsd-kadin.id/activities/) - Our Activities Join our dynamic community and participate in a variety of engaging activities. From online discussions to in-person events, there are countless opportunities to learn, network, and share knowledge.Cultural activities enrich students’ extracurricular life. Search for:Search Button What Does the Indonesia–South Korea Digital Partnership Mean for Indonesian Businesses? On April 1st, 2026, Presidents Prabowo
- [Login](https://bsd-kadin.id/login/) - transfer-iphone-recovery subject
- [Bulletin](https://bsd-kadin.id/bulletin/) - Bulletin Stay updated on the latest trade and investment issues in Indonesia through our bulletin 16 September 2024 International Monday Vol. 27 Lihat Dokumen 02 September 2024 International Monday Vol. 26 Lihat Dokumen 05 Agustus 2024 International Monday Vol. 24 Lihat Dokumen 01 Januari 2021 Edition 92 Lihat Dokumen 01 November 2020 Edition 91 Lihat
- [About Us](https://bsd-kadin.id/about-us/) - KADIN Indonesia Headquarter — Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry KADIN Indonesia KADIN Indonesia stands for ‘Kamar Dagang dan Industri Indonesia‘, or the Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. It is the umbrella organization of the Indonesian business chambers and associations. KADIN Indonesia is focused on all matters relating to trade, industry and services, and is
- [About](https://bsd-kadin.id/about/) - About us About Hub Solutions. Hub IT allows your business and technology computers to store, transmit, analyze, and manipulate big data. ABOUT US Meet Hub. digital. innovative. creative. Hub IT allows your business and technology computers to store, transmit, analyze, and manipulate big data. Learn more IT Consultancy Hub IT allows your business and technology
- [Legal and Regulation](https://bsd-kadin.id/legal-and-regulation/) - Legal and Regulation Gain exclusive access to the latest update on Indonesian regulations Search for:Search Button Indonesia’s Carbon Capture Regulations: The Latest Addition To Indonesia’s Evolving Legal Framework Overview In alignment with its commitment to achieving net-zero emissions, Indonesia has Continue Reading Competition & Anti Trust KPPU Penalises Parties for Bid Rigging Overview On 17 July 2023 the
- [Country Profile](https://bsd-kadin.id/country_profile/) - Country Profile Explore a concise overview of each country worldwide, encompassing geographical features, socioeconomic indicators, and trade and investment statistics. Search for:Search Button Afghanistan 443.93 KB 1 file(s) Albania 409.93 KB 1 file(s) Algeria 419.72 KB 1 file(s) Andorra 424.80 KB 1 file(s) Angola 434.75 KB 1 file(s) Antigua and Barbuda 902.12 KB 1 file(s)
- [Past Project](https://bsd-kadin.id/past-project/) - Past Project 3rd Series of the Manufacturing Technology Roadshow and Business Discussion Forum Past Project ESG Intelligence Forum: The Role of ESG Data in Sustainable Business Strategy Past Project Load moreLoadingAll items loaded
- [Contact](https://bsd-kadin.id/contact/) - GET TO KNOW US Have a project in mind? Let’s talk. Let’s Connect Please fill your inquiries below and we’ll be in contact with you soon. Select a ServiceBusiness MatchingMarket Research & Company Background CheckLead Generation (Event)Promotion & AdvertisementBusiness Delegation ArrangementExhibition SupportRequest MeetingJust a General Question Where Did You Hear About Us?Kadin Indonesia NetworksForeign Chamber
- [Gyeongnam Changwon Defense Industry Innovation Cluster B2B Meeting](https://bsd-kadin.id/gyeongnam-changwon-defense-industry-innovation-cluster-b2b-meeting/) - Registration Form
- [Reg Form Event BSD](https://bsd-kadin.id/event2024/) - Registration Form Please fill in your details below. Upon submitting the form, our team will send a confirmation email for you.
- [REG 24](https://bsd-kadin.id/reg-24/)
- [REGISTRATION 2024](https://bsd-kadin.id/registration-2024-2/)
- [REGISTRATION 2024](https://bsd-kadin.id/registration-2024/)
- [General Terms and Condition](https://bsd-kadin.id/general-terms-and-condition/) - General Terms and Conditions
- [Submissions](https://bsd-kadin.id/submissions/)
- [Form Event](https://bsd-kadin.id/form-event/) - Registration Form Event Job Title Company Name Website Email Mobile* (i.e. 08123456789) Line of Business —Please choose an option—Internet & High-techInformation & Communication TechFinancial & InsuranceProfessional ServiceLeasing & AgentArts, Entertainment & RecreationManufacturingEducationHealthcare & Social WorkUtilities, Environment & Public FacilityConstruction & Real EstateWholesale & RetailTransportation & LogisticsAccommodation & Food ServiceAgricultureMiningPublic ServiceExtraterritorial organizationsOthers
- [Training and Consulting](https://bsd-kadin.id/training-and-consulting/) - Training and Consulting KADIN Business Service Desk provides training, coaching and consulting services to companies and organisations. We work closely with our clients and their stakeholders to design and deliver learning and development solutions that help transform individuals, and the teams and organisations they work in. We focused on training and development for executives, managers
- [Upcoming Project](https://bsd-kadin.id/upcoming-project/) - Upcoming Project Epicor Named a Leader in IDC MarketScape Report Upcoming Project EPICOR Report Upcoming Project
- [Document Library](https://bsd-kadin.id/document-library/) - [doc_library]
- [Market Update](https://bsd-kadin.id/market-update/) - Search for:Search Button By Category All Past ProjectUpcoming Project All Past ProjectUpcoming Project See more 3rd Series of the Manufacturing Technology Roadshow and Business Discussion Forum Past Project ESG Intelligence Forum: The Role of ESG Data in Sustainable Business Strategy Past Project Epicor Named a Leader in IDC MarketScape Report Upcoming Project Sustainability Business Forum:
- [Sample Page](https://bsd-kadin.id/sample-page/) - This is an example page. It's different from a blog post because it will stay in one place and will show up in your site navigation (in most themes). Most people start with an About page that introduces them to potential site visitors. It might say something like this: Hi there! I'm a bike messenger
- [Services - 2](https://bsd-kadin.id/services-2/) - About us IT Business Solutions. Hub IT allows your business and technology computers to store, transmit, analyze, and manipulate big data. Business Solutions We unleash your business potential by maximising the innovation. Online Privacy Content-focused grid designs, unique social elements, post-sharing function, author exposure, sticky newsletter. Flexible Solutions Content-focused grid designs, unique social elements, post-sharing
- [Services - 3](https://bsd-kadin.id/services-3/) - Services IT Business Solutions. Hub IT allows your business and technology computers to store, transmit, analyze, and manipulate big data. IT Consultancy Hub IT allows your business and technology computers to store, transmit, analyze, and manipulate big data. Online Privacy Hub IT allows your business and technology computers to store, transmit, analyze, and manipulate big
- [Services](https://bsd-kadin.id/services/) - Services Tech Solutions for Business Hub IT allows your business and technology computers to store, transmit, analyze, and manipulate big data. It services ID Pass Security Face ID Protection Financial Security Digital Solutions ID PASS SECURITY ID Pass Security Hub IT allows your business and technology computers to store, transmit, analyze, and manipulate big data.

## Downloads

- [Japan](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/japan/) - In 1603, after decades of civil warfare, the Tokugawa shogunate (a military-led, dynastic government) ushered in a long period of relative political stability and isolation from foreign influence. For more than two centuries this policy enabled Japan to enjoy a flowering of its indigenous culture. Japan opened its ports after signing the Treaty of Kanagawa
- [Venezuela](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/venezuela/) - Venezuela was one of three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Ecuador and New Granada, which became Colombia). For most of the first half of the 20th century, Venezuela was ruled by generally benevolent military strongmen who promoted the oil industry and allowed for some social reforms.
- [Uruguay](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/uruguay/) - Montevideo, founded by the Spanish in 1726 as a military stronghold, soon took advantage of its natural harbor to become an important commercial center. Claimed by Argentina but annexed by Brazil in 1821, Uruguay declared its independence four years later and secured its freedom in 1828 after a three-year struggle. The administrations of President Jose
- [United States of America](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/united-states-of-america/) - Britain's American colonies broke with the mother country in 1776 and were recognized as the new nation of the United States of America following the Treaty of Paris in 1783. During the 19th and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the North American continent and
- [Trinidad and Tobago](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/trinidad-and-tobago/) - First colonized by the Spanish, the islands came under British control in the early 19th century. The islands' sugar industry was hurt by the emancipation of the slaves in 1834. Manpower was replaced with the importation of contract laborers from India between 1845 and 1917, which boosted sugar production as well as the cocoa industry.
- [Suriname](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/suriname/) - First explored by the Spaniards in the 16th century and then settled by the English in the mid-17th century, Suriname became a Dutch colony in 1667. With the abolition of African slavery in 1863, workers were brought in from India and Java. The Netherlands granted the colony independence in 1975. Five years later the civilian
- [Saint Vincent and the Granadines](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/saint-vincent-and-the-granadines/) - Resistance by native Caribs prevented colonization on Saint Vincent until 1719. Disputed between France and the United Kingdom for most of the 18th century, the island was ceded to the latter in 1783. Between 1960 and 1962, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was a separate administrative unit of the Federation of the West Indies. Autonomy
- [Saint Lucia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/saint-lucia/) - The island, with its fine natural harbor at Castries, was contested between England and France throughout the 17th and early 18th centuries (changing possession 14 times); it was finally ceded to the UK in 1814. Even after the abolition of slavery on its plantations in 1834, Saint Lucia remained an agricultural island, dedicated to producing
- [Saint Kitts and Nevis](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/saint-kitts-and-nevis/) - Carib Indians occupied the islands of the West Indies for hundreds of years before the British began settlement in 1623. In 1967, the island territory of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla became an associated state of the UK with full internal autonomy. The island of Anguilla rebelled and was allowed to secede in 1971. The remaining islands achieved
- [Peru](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/peru/) - Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peru declared its independence in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces were defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced
- [Paraguay](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/paraguay/) - Paraguay achieved its independence from Spain in 1811. In the disastrous War of the Triple Alliance (1865-70) - between Paraguay and Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay - Paraguay lost two-thirds of its adult males and much of its territory. The country stagnated economically for the next half century. Following the Chaco War of 1932-35 with Bolivia,
- [Panama](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/panama/) - Explored and settled by the Spanish in the 16th century, Panama broke with Spain in 1821 and joined a union of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela - named the Republic of Gran Colombia. When the latter dissolved in 1830, Panama remained part of Colombia. With US backing, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 and promptly signed
- [Nicaragua](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/nicaragua/) - The Pacific coast of Nicaragua was settled as a Spanish colony from Panama in the early 16th century. Independence from Spain was declared in 1821 and the country became an independent republic in 1838. Britain occupied the Caribbean Coast in the first half of the 19th century, but gradually ceded control of the region in
- [Mexico](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/mexico/) - The site of several advanced Amerindian civilizations - including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec - Mexico was conquered and colonized by Spain in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved independence early in the 19th century. Elections held in 2000 marked the first
- [Jamaica](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/jamaica/) - The island - discovered by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1494 - was settled by the Spanish early in the 16th century. The native Taino, who had inhabited Jamaica for centuries, were gradually exterminated and replaced by African slaves. England seized the island in 1655 and established a plantation economy based on sugar, cocoa, and coffee. In
- [Honduras](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/honduras/) - Once part of Spain's vast empire in the New World, Honduras became an independent nation in 1821. After two and a half decades of mostly military rule, a freely elected civilian government came to power in 1982. During the 1980s, Honduras proved a haven for anti-Sandinista contras fighting the Marxist Nicaraguan Government and an ally
- [Haiti](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/haiti/) - The native Taino Amerindians - who inhabited the island of Hispaniola when it was discovered by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492 - were virtually annihilated by Spanish settlers within 25 years. In the early 17th century, the French established a presence on Hispaniola. In 1697, Spain ceded to the French the western third of the island,
- [Guyana](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/guyana/) - Originally a Dutch colony in the 17th century, by 1815 Guyana had become a British possession. The abolition of slavery led to settlement of urban areas by former slaves and the importation of indentured servants from India to work the sugar plantations. The resulting ethnocultural divide has persisted and has led to turbulent politics. Guyana
- [Guatemala](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/guatemala/) - The Maya civilization flourished in Guatemala and surrounding regions during the first millennium A.D. After almost three centuries as a Spanish colony, Guatemala won its independence in 1821. During the second half of the 20th century, it experienced a variety of military and civilian governments, as well as a 36-year guerrilla war. In 1996, the
- [Grenada](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/grenada/) - Carib Indians inhabited Grenada when Christopher COLUMBUS discovered the island in 1498, but it remained uncolonized for more than a century. The French settled Grenada in the 17th century, established sugar estates, and imported large numbers of African slaves. Britain took the island in 1762 and vigorously expanded sugar production. In the 19th century, cacao
- [El Savador](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/el-savador/) - El Salvador achieved independence from Spain in 1821 and from the Central American Federation in 1839. A 12-year civil war, which cost about 75,000 lives, was brought to a close in 1992 when the government and leftist rebels signed a treaty that provided for military and political reforms.
- [Ecuador](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/ecuador/) - What is now Ecuador formed part of the northern Inca Empire until the Spanish conquest in 1533. Quito became a seat of Spanish colonial government in 1563 and part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717. The territories of the Viceroyalty - New Granada (Colombia), Venezuela, and Quito - gained their independence between 1819
- [Dominican Republic](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/dominican-republic/) - The Taino - indigenous inhabitants of Hispaniola prior to the arrival of the Europeans - divided the island into five chiefdoms and territories. In 1697, Spain recognized French dominion over the western third of the island, which in 1804 became Haiti. The remainder of the island, by then known as Santo Domingo, sought to gain
- [Dominica](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/dominica/) - Dominica was the last of the Caribbean islands to be colonized by Europeans due chiefly to the fierce resistance of the native Caribs. France ceded possession to Great Britain in 1763, which made the island a colony in 1805. In 1980, two years after independence, Dominica's fortunes improved when a corrupt and tyrannical administration was
- [Cuba](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/cuba/) - The native Amerindian population of Cuba began to decline after the European discovery of the island by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492 and following its development as a Spanish colony during the next several centuries. Spanish rule eventually provoked an independence movement and occasional rebellions that were harshly suppressed. US intervention during the Spanish-American War in
- [Costa Rica](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/costa-rica/) - Although explored by the Spanish early in the 16th century, initial attempts at colonizing Costa Rica proved unsuccessful due to a combination of factors, including disease from mosquito-infested swamps, brutal heat, resistance by natives, and pirate raids. It was not until 1563 that a permanent settlement of Cartago was established in the cooler, fertile central
- [Colombia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/columbia/) - Republic of Colombia, Its 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of coast to the north are bathed by the waters of the Caribbean Sea, and its 800 miles (1,300 km) of coast to the west are washed by the Pacific Ocean. The country is bordered by Panama, which divides the two bodies of water, on the l
- [Chile](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/chile/) - Chile, country situated along the western seaboard of South America. It extends approximately 2,700 miles (4,300 km) from its boundary with Peru, at latitude 17°30′ S, to the tip of South America at Cape Horn, latitude 56° S, a point only about 400 miles north of Antarctica. A long, narrow country, it has an average
- [Canada](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/canada/) - A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest international border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands
- [Brazil](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/brazil/) - Following more than three centuries under Portuguese rule, Brazil gained its independence in 1822, maintaining a monarchical system of government until the abolition of slavery in 1888 and the subsequent proclamation of a republic by the military in 1889. Brazilian coffee exporters politically dominated the country until populist leader Getulio VARGAS rose to power in
- [Bolivia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/bolivia/) - Bolivia, named after independence fighter Simon BOLIVAR, broke away from Spanish rule in 1825; much of its subsequent history has consisted of a series of coups and countercoups, with the last coup occurring in 1978. Democratic civilian rule was established in 1982, but leaders have faced difficult problems of deep-seated poverty, social unrest, and illegal
- [Belize](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/belize/) - Belize was the site of several Mayan city states until their decline at the end of the first millennium A.D. The British and Spanish disputed the region in the 17th and 18th centuries; it formally became the colony of British Honduras in 1854. Territorial disputes between the UK and Guatemala delayed the independence of Belize
- [Barbados](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/barbados/) - The island was uninhabited when first settled by the British in 1627. Slaves worked the sugar plantations established on the island until 1834 when slavery was abolished. The economy remained heavily dependent on sugar, rum, and molasses production through most of the 20th century. The gradual introduction of social and political reforms in the 1940s
- [Bahamas](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/bahamas/) - Lucayan Indians inhabited the islands when Christopher Columbus first set foot in the New World on San Salvador in 1492. British settlement of the islands began in 1647; the islands became a colony in 1783. Since attaining independence from the UK in 1973, The Bahamas has prospered through tourism and international banking and investment management.
- [Argentina](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/argentina/) - In 1816, the United Provinces of the Rio Plata declared their independence from Spain. After Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay went their separate ways, the area that remained became Argentina. The country's population and culture were heavily shaped by immigrants from throughout Europe, with Italy and Spain providing the largest percentage of newcomers from 1860 to
- [Antigua and Barbuda](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/antigua-and-barbuda/) - The Siboney were the first people to inhabit the islands of Antigua and Barbuda in 2400 B.C., but Arawak Indians populated the islands when Columbus landed on his second voyage in 1493. Early Spanish and French settlements were succeeded by an English colony in 1667. Slavery, established to run the sugar plantations on Antigua, was
- [Zimbabwe](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/zimbabwe/) - The UK annexed Southern Rhodesia from the [British] South Africa Company in 1923. UN sanctions and a guerrilla uprising finally led to free elections in 1979 and independence (as Zimbabwe) in 1980. Robert MUGABE, the nation's first prime minister, has been the country's only ruler (as president since 1987) and has dominated the country's political
- [Zambia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/zambia/) - The territory of Northern Rhodesia was administered by the [British] South Africa Company from 1891 until it was taken over by the UK in 1923. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred development and immigration. The name was changed to Zambia upon independence in 1964. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining copper prices,
- [Uganda](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/uganda/) - The colonial boundaries created by Britain to delimit Uganda grouped together a wide range of ethnic groups with different political systems and cultures. These differences complicated the establishment of a working political community after independence was achieved in 1962. The dictatorial regime of Idi AMIN (1971-79) was responsible for the deaths of some 300,000 opponents;
- [Tunisia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/tunisia/) - Rivalry between French and Italian interests in Tunisia culminated in a French invasion in 1881 and the creation of a protectorate. Agitation for independence in the decades following World War I was finally successful in convincing the French to recognize Tunisia as an independent state in 1956. The country's first president, Habib BOURGUIBA, established a
- [Togo](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/togo/) - French Togoland became Togo in 1960. Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA, installed as military ruler in 1967, ruled Togo with a heavy hand for almost four decades. Despite the facade of multi-party elections instituted in the early 1990s, the government was largely dominated by President EYADEMA, whose Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) party has maintained power
- [Tanzania](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/tanzania/) - Shortly after achieving independence from Britain in the early 1960s, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the United Republic of Tanzania in 1964. In 1995, the country held its first democratic elections since the 1970s. Zanzibar maintains semi-autonomy and participates in national elections; popular political opposition on the isles led to four contentious elections since
- [Seychelles](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/seychelles/) - A lengthy struggle between France and Great Britain for the islands ended in 1814, when they were ceded to the latter. Independence came in 1976. Socialist rule was brought to a close with a new constitution and free elections in 1993. President France-Albert RENE, who had served since 1977, was re-elected in 2001, but stepped
- [Senegal](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/senegal/) - The French colonies of Senegal and French Sudan were merged in 1959 and granted independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation. The union broke up after only a few months. Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal confederation of Senegambia in 1982. The envisaged integration of the two countries was never implemented, and
- [Sao Tome and Principe](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/sao-tome-and-principe/) - Discovered and claimed by Portugal in the late 15th century, the islands' sugar-based economy gave way to coffee and cocoa in the 19th century - all grown with African plantation slave labor, a form of which lingered into the 20th century. While independence was achieved in 1975, democratic reforms were not instituted until the late
- [Rwanda](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/rwanda/) - In 1959, three years before independence from Belgium, the majority ethnic group, the Hutus, overthrew the ruling Tutsi king. Over the next several years, thousands of Tutsis were killed, and some 150,000 driven into exile in neighboring countries. The children of these exiles later formed a rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), and began
- [Nigeria](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/nigeria/) - British influence and control over what would become Nigeria and Africa's most populous country grew through the 19th century. A series of constitutions after World War II granted Nigeria greater autonomy. After independence in 1960, politics were marked by coups and mostly military rule, until the death of a military head of state in 1998
- [Niger](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/niger/) - Niger became independent from France in 1960 and experienced single-party and military rule until 1991, when Gen. Ali SAIBOU was forced by public pressure to allow multiparty elections, which resulted in a democratic government in 1993. Political infighting brought the government to a standstill and in 1996 led to a coup by Col. Ibrahim BARE.
- [Namibia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/namibia/) - South Africa occupied the German colony of South-West Africa during World War I and administered it as a mandate until after World War II, when it annexed the territory. In 1966, the Marxist South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) guerrilla group launched a war of independence for the area that became Namibia, but it was not
- [Mozambique](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/mozambique/) - Almost five centuries as a Portuguese colony came to a close with independence in 1975. Large-scale emigration, economic dependence on South Africa, a severe drought, and a prolonged civil war hindered the country's development until the mid-1990s. The ruling Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) party formally abandoned Marxism in 1989, and a new
- [Morocco](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/morocco/) - In 788, about a century after the Arab conquest of North Africa, a series of Moroccan Muslim dynasties began to rule in Morocco. The Alaouite Dynasty, to which the current Moroccan royal family belongs, dates from the 17th century. In 1912, the French imposed a protectorate over the country. A protracted independence struggle with France
- [Comoros](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/comoros/) - Comoros has endured more than 20 coups or attempted coups since gaining independence from France in 1975. In 1997, the islands of Anjouan and Moheli declared independence from Comoros. In 1999, military chief Col. AZALI seized power of the entire government in a bloodless coup, and helped negotiate the 2000 Fomboni Accords power-sharing agreement in
- [Mauritius](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/mauritius/) - Although known to Arab and Malay sailors as early as the 10th century, Mauritius was first explored by the Portuguese in the 16th century and subsequently settled by the Dutch - who named it in honor of Prince Maurits van NASSAU - in the 17th century. The French assumed control in 1715, developing the island
- [Mauritania](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/mauritania/) - Independent from France in 1960, Mauritania annexed the southern third of the former Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara) in 1976 but relinquished it after three years of raids by the Polisario guerrilla front seeking independence for the territory. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA seized power in a coup in 1984 and ruled Mauritania with a
- [Mali](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/mali/) - The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, what formerly made up the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 by a military coup that ushered in a period of democratic rule.
- [Malawi](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/malawi/) - Established in 1891, the British protectorate of Nyasaland became the independent nation of Malawi in 1964. After three decades of one-party rule under President Hastings Kamuzu BANDA the country held multiparty elections in 1994, under a provisional constitution that came into full effect the following year. President Bingu wa MUTHARIKA, elected in May 2004 after
- [Madagascar](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/madagascar/) - Formerly an independent kingdom, Madagascar became a French colony in 1896 but regained independence in 1960. During 1992-93, free presidential and National Assembly elections were held ending 17 years of single-party rule. In 1997, in the second presidential race, Didier RATSIRAKA, the leader during the 1970s and 1980s, was returned to the presidency. The 2001
- [Libya](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/libya/) - Berbers have inhabited central north Africa since ancient times, but the region has been settled and ruled by Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Persians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Vandals. In the 7th century, Islam spread through the region; in the mid-16th century, Ottoman rule began. The Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in
- [Liberia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/liberia/) - Settlement of freed slaves from the US in what is today Liberia began in 1822; by 1847, the Americo-Liberians were able to establish a republic. William TUBMAN, president from 1944-71, did much to promote foreign investment and to bridge the economic, social, and political gaps between the descendants of the original settlers and the inhabitants
- [Lesotho](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/lesotho/) - Basutoland was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho upon independence from the UK in 1966. The Basuto National Party ruled the country during its first two decades. King MOSHOESHOE was exiled in 1990, but returned to Lesotho in 1992 and was reinstated in 1995 and subsequently succeeded by his son, King LETSIE III, in 1996. Constitutional
- [Gabon](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/gabon/) - Gabon, a sparsely populated country known for its dense rainforests and vast petroleum reserves, is one of the most prosperous and stable countries in central Africa. Approximately 40 ethnic groups are represented, the largest of which is the Fang, a group that covers the northern third of Gabon and expands north into Equatorial Guinea and
- [Eritrea](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/eritrea/) - After independence from Italian colonial control in 1941 and 10 years of British administrative control, the UN established Eritrea as an autonomous region within the Ethiopian federation in 1952. Ethiopia's full annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a violent 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean rebels defeating
- [Chad](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/chad/) - Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades of civil warfare, as well as invasions by Libya, before a semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990. The government eventually drafted a democratic constitution and held flawed presidential elections in 1996 and 2001. In 1998, a rebellion broke out in northern Chad,
- [Cameroon](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/cameroon/) - French Cameroon became independent in 1960 as the Republic of Cameroon. The following year the southern portion of neighboring British Cameroon voted to merge with the new country to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. In 1972, a new constitution replaced the federation with a unitary state, the United Republic of Cameroon. The country has
- [Burundi](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/burundi/) - Burundi's first democratically elected president was assassinated in October 1993 after only 100 days in office, triggering widespread ethnic violence between Hutu and Tutsi factions. More than 200,000 Burundians perished during the conflict that spanned almost a dozen years. Hundreds of thousands of Burundians were internally displaced or became refugees in neighboring countries. An internationally
- [Burkina Faso](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/burkina-faso/) - Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) achieved independence from France in 1960. Repeated military coups during the 1970s and 1980s were followed by multiparty elections in the early 1990s. Current President Blaise COMPAORE came to power in a 1987 military coup and has won every election since then. There have been increasing protests over the belief
- [Botswana](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/botswana/) - Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name upon independence in 1966. More than four decades of uninterrupted civilian leadership, progressive social policies, and significant capital investment have created one of the most stable economies in Africa. Mineral extraction, principally diamond mining, dominates economic activity, though tourism is a growing sector due
- [Benin](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/benin/) - Present day Benin was the site of Dahomey, a West African kingdom that rose to prominence in about 1600 and over the next two and a half centuries became a regional power, largely based on its slave trade. France began to control the coastal areas of Dahomey in the second half of the 19th century;
- [Angola](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/angola/) - Angola is still rebuilding its country since the end of a 27-year civil war in 2002. Fighting between the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS, and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, followed independence from Portugal in 1975. Peace
- [Algeria](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/algeria/) - After more than a century of rule by France, Algerians fought through much of the 1950s to achieve independence in 1962. The Government of Algeria in 1988 instituted a multi-party system in response to public unrest, but the surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 balloting led the
- [United Kingdom](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/united-kingdom/) - The United Kingdom has historically played a leading role in developing parliamentary democracy and in advancing literature and science. At its zenith in the 19th century, the British Empire stretched over one-fourth of the earth's surface. The first half of the 20th century saw the UK's strength seriously depleted in two world wars and the
- [Ukraine](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/ukraine/) - Ukraine was the center of the first eastern Slavic state, Kyivan Rus, which during the 10th and 11th centuries was the largest and most powerful state in Europe. Weakened by internecine quarrels and Mongol invasions, Kyivan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and eventually into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The cultural and religious
- [Switzerland](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/switzerland/) - The Swiss Confederation was founded in 1291 as a defensive alliance among three cantons. In succeeding years, other localities joined the original three. The Swiss Confederation secured its independence from the Holy Roman Empire in 1499. A constitution of 1848, subsequently modified in 1874 to allow voters to introduce referenda on proposed laws, replaced the
- [Sweden](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/sweden/) - A military power during the 17th century, Sweden has not participated in any war for two centuries. Armed neutrality was preserved in both world wars. Sweden's long-successful economic formula of a capitalist system intermixed with substantial welfare elements was challenged in the 1990s by high unemployment and in 2000-02 and 2009 by the global economic
- [Spain](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/spain/) - Spain's powerful world empire of the 16th and 17th centuries ultimately yielded command of the seas to England. Subsequent failure to embrace the mercantile and industrial revolutions caused the country to fall behind Britain, France, and Germany in economic and political power. Spain remained neutral in World War I and II, but suffered through a
- [Slovenia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/slovenia/) - The Slovene lands were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the latter's dissolution at the end of World War I. In 1918, the Slovenes joined the Serbs and Croats in forming a new multinational state, which was named Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, Slovenia became a republic of the renewed Yugoslavia, which though
- [Slovakia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/slovakia/) - Slovakia traces its roots to the 9th century state of Great Moravia. Subsequently, the Slovaks became part of the Hungarian Kingdom, where they remained for the next 1,000 years. Following the formation of the dual Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1867, language and education policies favoring the use of Hungarian (Magyarization) resulted in a strengthening of Slovak
- [Serbia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/serbia/) - The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Communist Partisans resisted the Axis occupation and division of Yugoslavia from 1941 to 1945 and fought nationalist opponents and collaborators as well. The military and political movement headed by Josip Broz "TITO" (Partisans) took full control
- [Russia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/russian/) - Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony
- [Romania](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/romania/) - The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their autonomy in 1856; they were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of its independence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers
- [Republic of Moldova](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/republic-of-moldova/) - Part of Romania during the interwar period, Moldova was incorporated into the Soviet Union at the close of World War II. Although the country has been independent from the USSR since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Nistru River supporting a Transnistrian separatist region composed of a Slavic majority population
- [Portugal](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/portugal/) - Following its heyday as a global maritime power during the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil, its wealthiest colony, in 1822. A 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy; for most of
- [Poland](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/poland/) - Poland's history as a state began near the middle of the 10th century. By the mid-16th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ruled a vast tract of land in Central and Eastern Europe. During the 18th century, internal disorders weakened the nation, and in a series of agreements between 1772 and 1795, Russia, Prussia, and Austria partitioned
- [Norway](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/norway/) - Two centuries of Viking raids into Europe tapered off following the adoption of Christianity by King Olav TRYGGVASON in 994. In 1397, Norway was absorbed into a union with Denmark that lasted more than four centuries. In 1814, Norwegians resisted the cession of their country to Sweden and adopted a new constitution. Sweden then invaded
- [North Macedonia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/north-macedonia/) - Macedonia gained its independence peacefully from Yugoslavia in 1991. Greece's objection to the new state's use of what it considered a Hellenic name and symbols delayed international recognition, which occurred under the provisional designation of "the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia." In 1995, Greece lifted a 20-month trade embargo and the two countries agreed to
- [Netherlands](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/netherlands/) - The Dutch United Provinces declared their independence from Spain in 1579; during the 17th century, they became a leading seafaring and commercial power, with settlements and colonies around the world. After a 20-year French occupation, a Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed in 1815. In 1830, Belgium seceded and formed a separate kingdom. The Netherlands
- [Malta](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/malta/) - With a civilization that dates back thousands of years, Malta boasts some of the oldest megalithic sites in the world. Situated in the center of the Mediterranean, Malta’s islands have long served as a strategic military asset, with the islands at various times having come under control of the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Moors,
- [Luxembourg](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/luxembourg/) - Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and an independent state under the Netherlands. It lost more than half of its territory to Belgium in 1839 but gained a larger measure of autonomy. Full independence was attained in 1867. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, it ended its neutrality in 1948
- [Lithuania](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/lithuania/) - Lithuanian lands were united under MINDAUGAS in 1236; over the next century, through alliances and conquest, Lithuania extended its territory to include most of present-day Belarus and Ukraine. By the end of the 14th century Lithuania was the largest state in Europe. An alliance with Poland in 1386 led the two countries into a union
- [Liechtenstein](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/liechtenstein/) - The Principality of Liechtenstein was established within the Holy Roman Empire in 1719. Occupied by both French and Russian troops during the Napoleonic Wars, it became a sovereign state in 1806 and joined the Germanic Confederation in 1815. Liechtenstein became fully independent in 1866 when the Confederation dissolved. Until the end of World War I,
- [Latvia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/latvia/) - The name "Latvia" originates from the ancient Latgalians, one of four eastern Baltic tribes that formed the ethnic core of the Latvian people (ca. 8th-12th centuries A.D.). The region subsequently came under the control of Germans, Poles, Swedes, and finally, Russians. A Latvian republic emerged following World War I, but it was annexed by the
- [Italy](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/italy/) - Italy became a nation-state in 1861 when the regional states of the peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under King Victor EMMANUEL II. An era of parliamentary government came to a close in the early 1920s when Benito MUSSOLINI established a Fascist dictatorship. His alliance with Nazi Germany led to Italy's defeat in
- [Ireland](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/ireland/) - Celtic tribes arrived on the island between 600 and 150 B.C. Invasions by Norsemen that began in the late 8th century were finally ended when King Brian BORU defeated the Danes in 1014. The Irish famine of the mid-19th century saw the population of the island drop by one third through starvation and emigration. For
- [Iceland](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/iceland/) - Settled by Norwegian and Celtic (Scottish and Irish) immigrants during the late 9th and 10th centuries A.D., Iceland boasts the world's oldest functioning legislative assembly, the Althing, established in 930. Independent for over 300 years, Iceland was subsequently ruled by Norway and Denmark. Fallout from the Askja volcano of 1875 devastated the Icelandic economy and
- [Hungary](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/hungary/) - Hungary became a Christian kingdom in A.D. 1000 and for many centuries served as a bulwark against Ottoman Turkish expansion in Europe. The kingdom eventually became part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and an announced
- [Greece](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/greece/) - Greece achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1830. During the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, it gradually added neighboring islands and territories, most with Greek-speaking populations. In World War II, Greece was first invaded by Italy (1940) and subsequently occupied by Germany (1941-44); fighting endured
- [Germany](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/germany/) - As Europe's largest economy and second most populous nation (after Russia), Germany is a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany in two devastating world wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US,
- [France](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/france/) - France today is one of the most modern countries in the world and is a leader among European nations. It plays an influential global role as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, NATO, the G-8, the G-20, the EU and other multilateral organizations. France rejoined NATO's integrated military command structure in 2009,
- [Finland](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/finland/) - Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It gained complete independence in 1917. During World War II, Finland successfully defended its independence through cooperation with Germany and resisted subsequent invasions by the Soviet Union -
- [Estonia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/estonia/) - After centuries of Danish, Swedish, German, and Russian rule, Estonia attained independence in 1918. Forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1940 - an action never recognized by the US - it regained its freedom in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since the last Russian troops left in 1994, Estonia has been free
- [Denmark](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/denmark-2/) - Once the seat of Viking raiders and later a major north European power, Denmark has evolved into a modern, prosperous nation that is participating in the general political and economic integration of Europe. It joined NATO in 1949 and the EEC (now the EU) in 1973. However, the country has opted out of certain elements
- [Czech Republic](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/czech-republic/) - At the close of World War I, the Czechs and Slovaks of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire merged to form Czechoslovakia. During the interwar years, having rejected a federal system, the new country's predominantly Czech leaders were frequently preoccupied with meeting the increasingly strident demands of other ethnic minorities within the republic, most notably the Slovaks,
- [Croatia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/croatia/) - The lands that today comprise Croatia were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the close of World War I. In 1918, the Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes formed a kingdom known after 1929 as Yugoslavia. Following World War II, Yugoslavia became a federal independent communist state under the strong hand of Marshal TITO. Although Croatia declared
- [Bulgaria](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/bulgariaa/) - The Bulgars, a Central Asian Turkic tribe, merged with the local Slavic inhabitants in the late 7th century to form the first Bulgarian state. In succeeding centuries, Bulgaria struggled with the Byzantine Empire to assert its place in the Balkans, but by the end of the 14th century the country was overrun by the Ottoman
- [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/bosnia-and-herzegovina/) - Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a
- [Belgium](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/belgium/) - Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830; it was occupied by Germany during World Wars I and II. The country prospered in the past half century as a modern, technologically advanced European state and member of NATO and the EU. Political divisions between the Dutch-speaking Flemings of the north and the French-speaking Walloons of
- [Belarus](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/belarus/) - After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR, Belarus attained its independence in 1991. It has retained closer political and economic ties to Russia than have any of the other former Soviet republics. Belarus and Russia signed a treaty on a two-state union on 8 December 1999 envisioning greater political and economic integration.
- [Austria](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/austria/) - Once the center of power for the large Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austria was reduced to a small republic after its defeat in World War I. Following annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938 and subsequent occupation by the victorious Allies in 1945, Austria's status remained unclear for a decade. A State Treaty signed in 1955 ended the
- [Andorra](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/andorra/) - The landlocked Principality of Andorra is one of the smallest states in Europe, nestled high in the Pyrenees Mountains between the French and Spanish borders. For 715 years, from 1278 to 1993, Andorrans lived under a unique co-principality, ruled by French and Spanish leaders (from 1607 onward, the French chief of state and the Spanish
- [Albania](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/albania/) - Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, but was conquered by Italy in 1939. Communist partisans took over the country in 1944. Albania allied itself first with the USSR (until 1960), and then with China (to 1978). In the early 1990s, Albania ended 46 years of xenophobic Communist rule and established a
- [Yemen](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/yemen/) - North Yemen became independent of the Ottoman Empire in 1918. The British, who had set up a protectorate area around the southern port of Aden in the 19th century, withdrew in 1967 from what became South Yemen. The massive exodus of hundreds of thousands of Yemenis from the south to the north contributed to two
- [Vietnam](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/vietnam/) - The conquest of Vietnam by France began in 1858 and was completed by 1884. It became part of French Indochina in 1887. Vietnam declared independence after World War II, but France continued to rule until its 1954 defeat by communist forces under Ho Chi MINH. Under the Geneva Accords of 1954, Vietnam was divided into
- [Uzbekistan](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/uzbekistan/) - Russia conquered the territory of present-day Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff resistance to the Red Army after the Bolshevik Revolution was eventually suppressed and a socialist republic established in 1924. During the Soviet era, intensive production of "white gold" (cotton) and grain led to overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies,
- [United Arab Emirates](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/united-arab-emirates/) - The Trucial States of the Persian Gulf coast granted the UK control of their defense and foreign affairs in 19th century treaties. In 1971, six of these states - Abu Dhabi, 'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy, and Umm al Qaywayn - merged to form the United Arab Emirates (UAE). They were joined in 1972
- [Turkmenistan](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/turkmenistan/) - Present-day Turkmenistan covers territory that has been at the crossroads of civilizations for centuries. The area was ruled in antiquity by various Persian empires, and was conquered by Alexander the Great, Muslim crusaders, the Mongols, Turkic warriors, and eventually the Russians. In 1924, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic; it achieved independence upon the dissolution of
- [Turkey](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/turkey/) - Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." Under his leadership, the country adopted radical social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party rule, an experiment with multi-party politics
- [Timor-Leste](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/timor-leste/) - The Portuguese began to trade with the island of Timor in the early 16th century and colonized it in mid-century. Skirmishing with the Dutch in the region eventually resulted in an 1859 treaty in which Portugal ceded the western portion of the island. Imperial Japan occupied Portuguese Timor from 1942 to 1945, but Portugal resumed
- [Thailand](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/thailand/) - A unified Thai kingdom was established in the mid-14th century. Known as Siam until 1939, Thailand is the only Southeast Asian country never to have been colonized by a European power. A bloodless revolution in 1932 led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. After the Japanese invaded Thailand in 1941, the government split into
- [Tajikistan](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/tajikistan/) - The Tajik people came under Russian rule in the 1860s and 1870s, but Russia's hold on Central Asia weakened following the Revolution of 1917. Tajikistan was first created as an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan in 1924, but the USSR designated Tajikistan a separate republic in 1929 and transferred to it much of present-day Sughd province.
- [Taiwan](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/taiwan/) - First inhabited by Austronesian people, Taiwan became home to Han immigrants beginning in the late Ming Dynasty (17th century). In 1895, military defeat forced China's Qing Dynasty to cede Taiwan to Japan, which then governed Taiwan for 50 years. Taiwan came under Chinese Nationalist (Kuomintang, KMT) control after World War II. With the communist victory
- [Syria](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/syria/) - Following World War I, France acquired a mandate over the northern portion of the former Ottoman Empire province of Syria. The French administered the area as Syria until granting it independence in 1946. The new country lacked political stability and experienced a series of military coups. Syria united with Egypt in February 1958 to form
- [Sri Lanka](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/sri-lanka/) - The first Sinhalese arrived in Sri Lanka late in the 6th century B.C., probably from northern India. Buddhism was introduced circa 250 B.C., and the first kingdoms developed at the cities of Anuradhapura (from circa 200 B.C. to circa A.D. 1000) and Polonnaruwa (from about 1070 to 1200). In the 14th century, a south Indian
- [South Korea](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/south-korea/) - An independent kingdom for much of its long history, Korea was occupied by Japan beginning in 1905 following the Russo-Japanese War. In 1910, Tokyo formally annexed the entire Peninsula. Korea regained its independence following Japan's surrender to the US in 1945. After World War II, a democratic government (Republic of Korea, ROK) was set up
- [Singapore](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/singapore/) - Singapore was founded as a British trading colony in 1819. It joined the Malaysian Federation in 1963 but was ousted two years later and became independent. Singapore subsequently became one of the world's most prosperous countries with strong international trading links (its port is one of the world's busiest in terms of tonnage handled) and
- [Saudi Arabia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/saudi-arabia/) - Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Islam and home to Islam's two holiest shrines in Mecca and Medina. The king's official title is the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. The modern Saudi state was founded in 1932 by ABD AL-AZIZ bin Abd al-Rahman Al SAUD (Ibn Saud) after a 30-year campaign to unify most
- [Qatar](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/qatar/) - Ruled by the Al Thani family since the mid-1800s, Qatar transformed itself from a poor British protectorate noted mainly for pearling into an independent state with significant oil and natural gas revenues. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Qatari economy was crippled by a continuous siphoning off of petroleum revenues by the amir,
- [Philippines](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/philippines/) - The Philippine Islands became a Spanish colony during the 16th century; they were ceded to the US in 1898 following the Spanish-American War. In 1935 the Philippines became a self-governing commonwealth. Manuel QUEZON was elected president and was tasked with preparing the country for independence after a 10-year transition. In 1942 the islands fell under
- [Papua New Guinea](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/papua-new-guinea/) - The eastern half of the island of New Guinea - second largest in the world - was divided between Germany (north) and the UK (south) in 1885. The latter area was transferred to Australia in 1902, which occupied the northern portion during World War I and continued to administer the combined areas until independence in
- [Palestine](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/palestine/) - Palestine is a geographic region in Western Asia between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. It is sometimes considered to include adjoining territories. The name was used by Ancient Greek writers, and was later used for the Roman province Syria Palaestina, the Byzantine Palaestina Prima and the Umayyad and Abbasid province of Jund Filastin.
- [Pakistan](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/pakistan/) - The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world and dating back at least 5,000 years, spread over much of what is presently Pakistan. During the second millennium B.C., remnants of this culture fused with the migrating Indo-Aryan peoples. The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent centuries from the Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Arabs
- [Oman](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/oman/) - The inhabitants of the area of Oman have long prospered from Indian Ocean trade. In the late 18th century, the nascent sultanate in Muscat signed the first in a series of friendship treaties with Britain. Over time, Oman's dependence on British political and military advisors increased, although the sultanate never became a British colony. In
- [North Korea](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/north-korea/) - An independent kingdom for much of its long history, Korea was occupied by Japan beginning in 1905 following the Russo-Japanese War. Five years later, Japan formally annexed the entire peninsula. Following World War II, Korea was split with the northern half coming under Soviet-sponsored communist control. After failing in the Korean War (1950-53) to conquer
- [Nepal](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/nepal/) - In 1951, the Nepali monarch ended the century-old system of rule by hereditary premiers and instituted a cabinet system of government. Reforms in 1990 established a multiparty democracy within the framework of a constitutional monarchy. An insurgency led by Maoists broke out in 1996. The ensuing 10-year civil war between Maoist and government forces witnessed
- [Myanmar](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/myanmar/) - Various ethnic Burmese and ethnic minority city-states or kingdoms occupied the present borders through the 19th century. Over a period of 62 years (1824-1886), Britain conquered Myanmar and incorporated the country into its Indian Empire. Myanmar was administered as a province of India until 1937 when it became a separate, self-governing colony; in 1948, Myanmar
- [Mongolia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/mongolia/) - The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Chinggis KHAAN they established a huge Eurasian empire through conquest. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and in the late 17th century
- [Maldives](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/maldives/) - A sultanate since the 12th century, the Maldives became a British protectorate in 1887. The islands became a republic in 1968, three years after independence. President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM dominated Maldives' political scene for 30 years, elected to six successive terms by single-party referendums. Following political demonstrations in the capital Male in August 2003, GAYOOM
- [Malaysia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/malaysia/) - During the late 18th and 19th centuries, Great Britain established colonies and protectorates in the area of current Malaysia; these were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. In 1948, the British-ruled territories on the Malay Peninsula except Singapore formed the Federation of Malaya, which became independent in 1957. Malaysia was formed in 1963 when
- [Lebanon](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/lebanon/) - Following World War I, France acquired a mandate over the northern portion of the former Ottoman Empire province of Syria. The French demarcated the region of Lebanon in 1920 and granted this area independence in 1943. Since independence the country has been marked by periods of political turmoil interspersed with prosperity built on its position
- [Lao People’s Democratic Republic](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/lao-peoples-democratic-republic/) - Modern-day Laos has its roots in the ancient Lao kingdom of Lan Xang, established in the 14th century under King FA NGUM. For 300 years Lan Xang had influence reaching into present-day Cambodia and Thailand, as well as over all of what is now Laos. After centuries of gradual decline, Laos came under the domination
- [Kyrgyzstan](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/kyrgyzstan/) - A Central Asian country of incredible natural beauty and proud nomadic traditions, most of Kyrgyzstan was formally annexed to Russia in 1876. The Kyrgyz staged a major revolt against the Tsarist Empire in 1916 in which almost one-sixth of the Kyrgyz population was killed. Kyrgyzstan became a Soviet republic in 1936 and achieved independence in
- [Kuwait](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/kuwait/) - Kuwait has been ruled by the AL-SABAH dynasty since the 18th century. The threat of Ottoman invasion in 1899 prompted Amir Mubarak AL-SABAH to seek protection from Britain, ceding foreign and defense responsibility to Britain until 1961, when the country attained its independence. Kuwait was attacked and overrun by Iraq in August 1990. Following several
- [Kazakhstan](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/kazakhstan/) - Ethnic Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes who migrated to the region by the 13th century, were rarely united as a single nation. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th century, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936. Soviet policies reduced the number of ethnic Kazakhs in the 1930s
- [Jordan](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/jordan/) - Following World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the League of Nations awarded Britain the mandate to govern much of the Middle East. Britain demarcated a semi-autonomous region of Transjordan from Palestine in the early 1920s. The area gained its independence in 1946 and thereafter became The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The
- [Israel](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/israel/) - Following World War II, the British withdrew from their mandate of Palestine, and the UN proposed partitioning the area into Arab and Jewish states, an arrangement rejected by the Arabs. Nonetheless, an Israeli state was declared in 1948 and the Israelis subsequently defeated the Arabs in a series of wars without ending the deep tensions
- [Iraq](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/iraq/) - Formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq was occupied by the United Kingdom during the course of World War I; in 1920, it was declared a League of Nations mandate under UK administration. In stages over the next dozen years, Iraq attained its independence as a kingdom in 1932. A "republic" was proclaimed in 1958,
- [Iran](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/iran/) - Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling monarchy was overthrown and Shah Mohammad Reza PAHLAVI was forced into exile. Conservative clerical forces led by Ayatollah Ruhollah KHOMEINI established a theocratic system of government with ultimate political authority vested in a learned religious scholar referred to commonly as
- [India](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/india/) - The Indus Valley civilization, one of the world's oldest, flourished during the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. and extended into northwestern India. Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated the Indian subcontinent about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. The Maurya Empire of the 4th and 3rd centuries
- [Hong Kong](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/hong-kong/) - Occupied by the UK in 1841, Hong Kong was formally ceded by China the following year; various adjacent lands were added later in the 19th century. Pursuant to an agreement signed by China and the UK on 19 December 1984, Hong Kong became the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People's Republic of
- [Georgia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/georgia/) - The region of present day Georgia contained the ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Kartli-Iberia. The area came under Roman influence in the first centuries A.D., and Christianity became the state religion in the 330s. Domination by Persians, Arabs, and Turks was followed by a Georgian golden age (11th-13th centuries) that was cut short by the
- [Cyprus](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/cyprus/) - A former British colony, Cyprus became independent in 1960 following years of resistance to British rule. Tensions between the Greek Cypriot majority and Turkish Cypriot minority came to a head in December 1963, when violence broke out in the capital of Nicosia. Despite the deployment of UN peacekeepers in 1964, sporadic intercommoned violence continued forcing
- [China](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/china/) - China's historical civilization dates from at least 1200 B.C.; from the 3rd century B.C. and for the next two millennia, China alternated between periods of unity and disunity under a succession of imperial dynasties. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was beset by civil unrest, major famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation.
- [Cambodia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/cambodia/) - Most Cambodians consider themselves to be Khmers, descendants of the Angkor Empire that extended over much of Southeast Asia and reached its zenith between the 10th and 13th centuries. Following Japanese occupation in World War II, Cambodia gained full independence from France in 1953. In April 1975, after a five-year struggle, Communist Khmer Rouge forces
- [Brunei Darussalam](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/brunei-darussalam/) - The Sultanate of Brunei's influence peaked between the 15th and 17th centuries when its control extended over coastal areas of northwest Borneo and the southern Philippines. Brunei subsequently entered a period of decline brought on by internal strife over royal succession, colonial expansion of European powers, and piracy. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate;
- [Bhutan](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/bhutan/) - Following Britain’s victory in the 1865 Duar War, Britain and Bhutan signed the Treaty of Sinchulu, under which Bhutan would receive an annual subsidy in exchange for ceding land to British India. Ugyen WANGCHUCK - who had served as the de facto ruler of an increasingly unified Bhutan and had improved relations with the British
- [Bangladesh](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/bangladesh/) - The huge delta region formed at the confluence of the Ganges and Brahmaputra River systems - now referred to as Bangladesh - was a loosely incorporated outpost of various empires centered on the Gangetic plain for much of the first millennium A.D. Muslim conversions and settlement in the region began in the 10th century, primarily
- [Bahrain](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/bahrain/) - In 1783, the Sunni Al-Khalifa family took power in Bahrain. In order to secure these holdings, it entered into a series of treaties with the UK during the 19th century that made Bahrain a British protectorate. The archipelago attained its independence in 1971. Facing declining oil reserves, Bahrain has turned to petroleum processing and refining
- [Azerbaijan](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/azerbaijan/) - Azerbaijan - a nation with a majority-Turkic and majority-Shia Muslim population - was briefly independent (from 1918 to 1920) following the collapse of the Russian Empire; it was subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union for seven decades. Azerbaijan has yet to resolve its conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh, a primarily Armenian-populated region that Moscow recognized
- [Armenia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/armenia/) - Armenia prides itself on being the first nation to formally adopt Christianity (early 4th century). The eastern area of Armenia was ceded by the Ottomans to Russia in 1828; this portion declared its independence in 1918, but was conquered by the Soviet Red Army in 1920. Armenian leaders remain preoccupied by the long conflict with
- [Afghanistan](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/afghanistan/) - Ahmad Shah DURRANI unified the Pashtun tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747. The country served as a buffer between the British and Russian Empires until it won independence from notional British control in 1919. A brief experiment in democracy ended in a 1973 coup and a 1978 communist countercoup. The Soviet Union invaded in 1979
- [Guinea](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/guinea/) - Guinea is at a turning point after decades of authoritarian rule since gaining its independence from France in 1958. Guinea held its first free and competitive democratic presidential and legislative elections in 2010 and 2013 respectively. Alpha CONDE was elected to a five year term as president in 2010, and the National Assembly was seated
- [Kenya](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/kenya/) - Founding president and liberation struggle icon Jomo KENYATTA led Kenya from independence in 1963 until his death in 1978, when Vice President Daniel Arap MOI took power in a constitutional succession. The country was a de facto one-party state from 1969 until 1982, after which time the ruling Kenya African National Union (KANU) changed the
- [Ivory Coast](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/ivory-coast/) - Close ties to France following independence in 1960, the development of cocoa production for export, and foreign investment all made Cote d'Ivoire one of the most prosperous of the West African states but did not protect it from political turmoil. In December 1999, a military coup - the first ever in Cote d'Ivoire's history -
- [Guinea Bissau](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/guinea-bissau/) - Since independence from Portugal in 1974, Guinea-Bissau has experienced considerable political and military upheaval. In 1980, a military coup established authoritarian General Joao Bernardo 'Nino' VIEIRA as president. Despite eventually setting a path to a market economy and multiparty system, VIEIRA's regime was characterized by the suppression of political opposition and the purging of political
- [Ghana](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/ghana/) - Formed from the merger of the British colony of the Gold Coast and the Togoland trust territory, Ghana in 1957 became the first sub-Saharan country in colonial Africa to gain its independence. Ghana endured a series of coups before Lt. Jerry RAWLINGS took power in 1981 and banned political parties. After approving a new constitution
- [Gambia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/gambia/) - The Gambia gained its independence from the UK in 1965. Geographically surrounded by Senegal, it formed a short-lived federation of Senegambia between 1982 and 1989. In 1991 the two nations signed a friendship and cooperation treaty, but tensions have flared up intermittently since then. Yahya JAMMEH led a military coup in 1994 that overthrew the
- [Ethiopia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/ethiopia/) - Unique among African countries, the ancient Ethiopian monarchy maintained its freedom from colonial rule with the exception of a short-lived Italian occupation from 1936-41. In 1974, a military junta, the Derg, deposed Emperor Haile SELASSIE (who had ruled since 1930) and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and massive refugee
- [Equatorial Guinea](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/equatorial-guinea/) - Equatorial Guinea gained independence in 1968 after 190 years of Spanish rule; it is one of the smallest countries in Africa consisting of a mainland territory and five inhabited islands. The capital of Malabo is located on the island of Bioko, approximately 25 km from the Cameroonian coastline in the Gulf of Guinea. Between 1968
- [Egypt](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/egypt/) - The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native
- [Central African Republic](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/central-african-republic/) - The former French colony of Ubangi-Shari became the Central African Republic upon independence in 1960. After three tumultuous decades of misrule - mostly by military governments - civilian rule was established in 1993 and lasted for one decade. In March, 2003 President Ange-Felix PATASSE was deposed in a military coup led by General Francois BOZIZE,
- [Cape Verde](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/cape-verde/) - The uninhabited islands were discovered and colonized by the Portuguese in the 15th century; Cabo Verde subsequently became a trading center for African slaves and later an important coaling and resupply stop for whaling and transatlantic shipping. Following independence in 1975, and a tentative interest in unification with Guinea-Bissau, a one-party system was established and
- [Sudan](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/sudan/) - Military regimes favoring Islamic-oriented governments have dominated national politics since independence from Anglo-Egyptian rule in 1956. Sudan was embroiled in two prolonged civil wars. These conflicts were rooted in northern economic, political, and social domination of largely non-Muslim, non-Arab southern Sudanese. The first civil war ended in 1972 but another broke out in 1983. Peace
- [South Africa](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/south-africa/) - Some of the earliest human remains in the fossil record are found in South Africa. By about A.D. 500, Bantu speaking groups began settling into what is now northeastern South Africa displacing Khoisan speaking groups to the southwest. Dutch traders landed at the southern tip of present-day South Africa in 1652 and established a stopover
- [Somalia](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/somalia/) - Several powerful Somali states dominated the Indian Ocean trade from the 13th century onward. In the late 19th century, the area that would become Somalia was colonized by Britain in the north and Italy in the south. Britain withdrew from British Somaliland in 1960 to allow its protectorate to join with Italian Somaliland and form
- [Eswatini](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/eswatini/) - Autonomy for the Swazis of southern Africa was guaranteed by the British in the late 19th century; independence was granted in 1968. Student and labor unrest during the 1990s pressured King MSWATI III, Africa's last absolute monarch, to grudgingly allow political reform and greater democracy, although he has backslid on these promises in recent years.
- [Falkland Island](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/falkland-island/) - Although first sighted by an English navigator in 1592, the first landing (English) did not occur until almost a century later in 1690, and the first settlement (French) was not established until 1764. The colony was turned over to Spain two years later and the islands have since been the subject of a territorial dispute,
- [Edition 92](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/edition-92/)
- [Edition 91](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/edition-91/)
- [Edition 90](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/edition-90/)
- [Test](https://bsd-kadin.id/download/test/) - [acf_test]

## Headers

- [Main Header](https://bsd-kadin.id/?liquid-header=it-business-main-header) - Home About Services Business Matching Market Research & Company Background Check Lead Generation Promotion & Advertisement Business Delegation Arrangement Exhibition Support Market Update Country Profile Industrial Update Legal and Regulation Bulletin Activities Upcoming Project Past Project Contact

## Footers

- [Main Footer](https://bsd-kadin.id/?liquid-footer=it-business-main-footer) - Menara Kadin Indonesia, 29th Floor Jl. H. R. Rasuna Said X-5 Kav. 2-3 Jakarta 12950, Indonesia ☎ +62 812-1330-9872 ✉ info@bsd-kadin.id Services Business Matching Market Research & Company Background Check Lead Generation Promotion & Advertisement Business Delegation Arrangement Exhibition Support Market Update Country Profile Industrial Update Legal and Regulation Bulletin Copyright – KADIN BUSINESS SERVICE

## Portfolios

- [3rd Series of the Manufacturing Technology Roadshow and Business Discussion Forum](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/3rd-series-of-the-manufacturing-technology-roadshow-and-business-discussion-forum/) - 3rd Series of the Manufacturing Technology Roadshow and Business Discussion Forum To optimize business efficiency and profitability through DIGITALIZATION, KADIN Indonesia & KADIN West Java in collaboration with Epicor Southeast Asia will hold the 3rd Manufacturing Technology Roadshow and Business Discussion Forum in 2024 with the topic Maximizing Business Profitability and Productivity with Powerful and
- [EPICOR Report](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/manufacturing-report/) - About Report Unlock the Future of Manufacturing! Join On-Demand Webinar: ‘Challenges on Modern Manufacturers.’ Click here to discover from CIO about how Cloud strategy transformed the manufacturing operation. Stay ahead in the evolving landscape of manufacturing excellence. CLICK HERE
- [2nd Series of the Manufacturing Technology Roadshow and Business Discussion Forum](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/1st-series-of-the-manufacturing-technology-roadshow-and-business-discussion-forum/) - 2nd Series of the Manufacturing Technology Roadshow and Business Discussion Forum Did you know that Indonesia’s manufacturing industry is in the top 10 worldwide, with an export value over 186.9 billion USD and has contributed up to 40 percent of Indonesia’s investment and 73 percent to national export? However, only 21% manufacturing that has applied
- [1st Series of the Manufacturing Technology Roadshow and Business Discussion Forum](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/1st-series-of-the-manufacturing-technology-roadshow-and-business-discussion-forum-2/) - 1st Series of the Manufacturing Technology Roadshow and Business Discussion Forum Did you know that Indonesia’s manufacturing industry is in the top 10 worldwide, with an export value over 186.9 billion USD and has contributed up to 40 percent of Indonesia’s investment and 73 percent to national export? However, only 21% manufacturing that has applied
- [Sustainability Business Forum: Navigating Climate Risk and Regulatory Compliance in Indonesia](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/sustainability-business-forum-navigating-climate-risk-and-regulatory-compliance-in-indonesia/) - Sustainability Business Forum: Navigating Climate Risk and Regulatory Compliance in Indonesia KADIN Indonesia Business Service Desk in collaboration with the esteemed S&P Global, recently hosted the Sustainability Business Forum: Navigating Climate Risk and Regulatory Compliance in Indonesia. This pivotal event, held on Tuesday, June 25th, 2024, brought together Indonesian companies and banks for an insightful
- [Epicor Named a Leader in IDC MarketScape Report](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/epicor-named-a-leader-in-idc-marketscape-report/) - Epicor Named a Leader in IDC MarketScape Report According to the report, “Cloud-based enterprise resource planning (ERP) enables remote access to business data and applications, enhances collaboration among teams, provides global accessibility, and enhances overall efficiency and agility for businesses of various sizes. In fact, IDC Asia/Pacific Future SMB and Midmarket Survey, 2023 shows that
- [ESG Intelligence Forum: The Role of ESG Data in Sustainable Business Strategy](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/esg-intelligence-forum-the-role-of-esg-data-in-sustainable-business-strategy/) - ESG Intelligence Forum: The Role of ESG Data in Sustainable Business Strategy KADIN Indonesia, in collaboration with the esteemed MioTech, recently hosted the ESG Intelligence Forum: The Role of ESG Data in Sustainable Business Strategy on Wednesday, 21 August 2024 at Menara KADIN Indonesia. All of the speakers delivered valuable insights about the roadmap for
- [Jakarta International Premium Product (JIPREMIUM)](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/jakarta-international-premium-product-jipremium/) - About Event Jakarta International Premium Product (JIPREMIUM) is the sole exhibition for premium consumer goods in Indonesia, and it provides opportunity to meet buyers from Southeast Asia as well as Indonesia. Industries highlighted at the expo include those involved with food and drink, health and wellness, home design, motherhood and child care, cosmetics, and smart
- [Industrial Roadshow and Business Forum - Tangerang](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/industrial-roadshow-and-business-forum-tangerang/) - About Event Epicor Southeast Asia as one of the leading ERP solution providers in collaboration with the Business Service Desk of the Indonesia Chamber of Commerce and Industry and KADIN Banten will organize an Industrial Roadshow and Business Forum: Maximizing Business Profitability and Productivity through Powerful Effective and Efficient Solutions in Manufacturing Sector to raise
- [SME100 Awards](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/sme100-awards/) - About Event SME100 Awards is an Annual Recognition Awards program organized by SME Magazine, recognizing the fastest growing companies in the SME sector. This award identifies and assesses SMEs based on quantitative and qualitative criteria, focusing on growth (net sales, profits and shares) and resilience (norms, sustainability and best vision). MORE INFO
- [COEX Food Week 2022](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/coex-food-week-2022/) - About Event Coex Food Week is the largest food related exhibition in Korea. Celebrating its 17th edition, Coex Food Week has been an optimal business platform for F&B industry. Held in conjunction with Bakery Fair, Kitchen Fair and Food Industry Technology Show, it features products and services of the global food industry. The exhibition will
- [China Homelife Indonesia Trade Fair](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/china-homelife-indonesia-trade-fair/) - About Event KADIN Indonesia in cooperation with Zhejiang Meorient Commerce & Exhibition Inc. invites Indonesian companies to be able to take part in China Homelife Indonesia Exhibition 2023 which will be held on Thursday-Saturday, 16-18 March 2023 at the Trade Mart Building (Commerce Center Building), JIEXPO Arena Kemayoran, Central Jakarta. This is a series of
- [Deel Inc Business Forum](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/deel-inc-business-forum/) - About Event Are you ready to take your business to new heights and expand your reach beyond borders? Join us at the Business Forum on Driving Global Growth: Navigating the Path to Successful Export Promotion and Global Market Access, where we will delve into the strategies and insights necessary to thrive in the international market.
- [S&P Global Business Forum](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/sp-global-business-forum/) - About Event Join us at the S&P Global Business Forum with the theme “Net Zero and Carbon Neutral Commitments: Navigating ESG and Climate Risk Management in Indonesia.” This event aims to provide an effective, informative, and constructive platform for discussing the attitudes of companies and institutions towards ESG commitments and climate risk management in Indonesia,
- [Industrial Roadshow & Business Forum 2023 - Cikarang](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/industrial-roadshow-business-forum-2023-cikarang/) - About Event Industrial Roadshow and Business Forum for Manufacturing Sector is an event that aims to raise awareness of the importance of digitally transforming business operations and to provide knowledge on how to overcome the challenges in the manufacturing sectors. This forum is the Third Industrial Roadshow in Indonesia. It will feature a high-level industrial
- [Industrial Roadshow and Business Forum 2023](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/industrial-roadshow-and-business-forum-2023/) - About Event Although majority of manufacturers have been integrating digital technology into all aspects of their operations some are not yet exposed to digitalization. An ERP Solution emphasizes business transformation which will lead to process change in its effort to maximize the company’s benefit. This digitalization will be more accurate through Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
- [JIPREMIUM 2022](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/jipremium-2022/) - About Event Jakarta International Premium Products Fair (JIPREMIUM) 2022 is a trade fair showcasing export-quality premium products for both local and international markets. JIPREMIUM 2022 held on 10-12 Nov 2022 at Jakarta Convention Center (JCC) Hall A.
- [Industrial Roadshow and Business Forum 2022](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/industrial-roadshow-and-business-forum-2022/) - About Event Industrial Roadshow and Business Forum for Automotive Manufacturing is an event that aims to raise awareness of the importance of digitally transforming business operations and to provide knowledge on how to overcome the challenges in the manufacturing sectors for automotive and also to present the solution and assistance Epicor Southeast Asia can offer
- [Indonesia - Portugal Virtual Economic Forum](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/indonesia-portugal-virtual-economic-forum/) - About Event Indonesia – Portugal Virtual Economic Forum is an event that aims to bring Indonesia and Portugal closer to forming collaboration, joint initiatives, and knowledge sharing in the three major sectors of G20. This forum featured a high-level dialogue attended by more than 200 influential and prominent figures from Indonesia and Portugal which held
- [Virtual Business Dialogue: Digital Transformation for SMEs](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/virtual-business-dialogue-digital-transformation-for-smes/) - About Event KADIN Indonesia in collaboration with Shipper will held a virtual business dialogue bringing up the topic “Doing Digital Transformation Right for SMEs: Integrated Digital Sales Platform and Smart Supply Chain Management” on Thursday, 11 August 202 at 2 PM. Attended by more than 150 participants, this session further explore a discussion on how
- [International F&B Growth Conference](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/international-fb-growth-conference/) - About Event IFGC aims to enable international businesses who want to expand into Indonesia to meet potential local business partners. Through IFGC, we aim to bring F&B stakeholders across different countries together on one platform in order to help brand owners understand specific market dynamics and identify the right partners to work with in their
- [Virtual Business Dialogue: Financial Digitalization to Promote Business Growth in Indonesia's SMEs](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/virtual-business-dialogue-financial-digitalization-to-promote-business-growth-in-indonesias-smes/) - About Event Bringing up the topic “Financial Digitalization to Promote Business Growth in Indonesia’s SMEs”, KADIN Indonesia along with FAZZ Financial Group successfully held a virtual business dialogue on Thursday, 24 March 2022 with more than 120 steady participants. This session began with the opening remarks from Pandu Sjahrir (Head of Digital Finance Development Agency, KADIN Indonesia),
- [Indonesia-Romania Business Dialogue: Leveraging Romania as The Hub to Central and Eastern Europe Markets](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/indonesia-romania-business-dialogue-leveraging-romania-as-the-hub-to-central-and-eastern-europe-markets/) - About Event On Thursday, KADIN Indonesia in collaboration with The Embassy of Romania held a virtual business dialogue bringing up the topic “Leveraging Romania as The Hub to Central and Eastern Europe Markets”. The discussion started by the opening session from Dan Adrian Bălănescu (Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Romania to the Republic of Indonesia
- [Framing Global Market Intelligence to Boost Export Performance](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/framing-global-market/) - About Event On Thursday, KADIN Indonesia in collaboration with S&P Global Market Intelligence held a webinar virtually via Zoom meeting under the theme “Framing Global Market Intelligence to Boost Export Performance”. The session began with the opening remarks from Didi Sumedi (Director General Of National Export Development, Minister of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia) along with
- [Green Infrastructure Initiative](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio/green-infrastructure/) - About Event This Event is talking about Green Infrastructure Initiative. We talking about Urban Water and Wastewater Management, Urban Solid Waste Management and Urban Public Transport.

## Bulletin

- [International Monday Vol 28](https://bsd-kadin.id/buletin/international-monday-vol-28/)
- [International Monday Vol 24](https://bsd-kadin.id/buletin/international-monday-vol-24/)
- [International Monday Vol 26](https://bsd-kadin.id/buletin/international-monday-vol-26/)
- [Buletin International Mondays Vol 27](https://bsd-kadin.id/buletin/buletin-international-mondays-vol-27/)
- [Edition 92](https://bsd-kadin.id/buletin/edition-92/)
- [Edition 91](https://bsd-kadin.id/buletin/edition-91/)
- [Edition 90](https://bsd-kadin.id/buletin/edition-90/)

## Categories

- [Legal and Regulation](https://bsd-kadin.id/category/legal-and-regulation/) - Legal and Regulation
- [Industrial Update](https://bsd-kadin.id/category/industrial-update/)

## Categories

- [File Download](https://bsd-kadin.id/download-category/file-download/) - File Download
- [Bulletin](https://bsd-kadin.id/download-category/bulletin/) - Bulletin KADIN

## Portfolio Categories

- [Upcoming Project](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio-category/upcoming-project/)
- [Past Project](https://bsd-kadin.id/portfolio-category/past-project/)